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The mammaglobin gene was first identified using a differential screening approach directed at the isolation of novel, human breast cancer-associated genes. Mammaglobin encodes a 10 kDa glycoprotein and is distantly relaetd to a family of epithelial secretory proteins that includes rat estramustine-binding protein/prostatein and human Clara cell 10 kDa protein (CC10)/uteroglobin. Mammaglobin, a mammary-specific member of the uterglobin family, is known to be overexpressed in human breast cancer. Studies suggest that mammaglobin is one of the first relatively mammary-specific and mammary-sensitive markers (85%). Mammaglobin may be valuable used in a panel with BRST-2 (GCDFP-15) and ER in evaluating tumors of unknown primary sites.
SCGB2A2 (the mammaglobin gene) is located on chromosome 11, at locus 11q13. SCGB2A2 is member of the secretoglobin superfamily of which is a group of small dimeric secreted and sometimes glycosylated proteins. Expressed mainly in mucosa, secretoglobins appear to be involved in cell signalling, immune response, chemotaxis, and might also serve as transporters for steroid hormones in humans.

Haptoglobin-Related Protein also known as HPR, is a primate-specific plasma protein related with apolipoprotein L-I (apoL-I)-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles which shown to be a part of the innate immune defense. HPR-bound hemoglobin might contribute to the biologic activity of the circulating apoL-I/Hprcontaining HDL particles. HPR is a clinically significant forecaster of recurrence of breast cancer.

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified to be secreted by the pituitary gland and the monocyte/macrophage and to play an important role in endotoxic shock. MIF has the unique property of being released from macrophages and T cells in response to physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. The secretion of MIF is tightly regulated and decreases at high, anti-inflammatory steroid concentration.

MOB Kinase Activator 1B (MOB1B) is similar to the yeast Mob1 protein. Yeast Mob1 binds Mps1p, which is a protein kinase vital for spindle pole body duplication and mitotic checkpoint regulation.

Overexpression of the HIF1AN is linked with tumor aggressiveness in pancreatic endocrine tumors. HIF1AN hydroxylates Notch ICD at two residues that are crucial for the function of Notch ICD as a transactivator within cells and during neurogenesis and myogenesis. HIF1AN is commonly expressed in invasive breast carcinoma. The hypoxic response and survival recommends that tumour regulation of HIF1AN is an additional important mechanism for HIF pathway activation. HIF1AN is an asparaginyl hydroxylase enzyme that controls the transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factor. FIH1 is a part of the Fe2+ and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, FIH1 is protein that hydoxylates a specific asparagine residue (Asn-803) within the HIF1A C-terminal transactivation domain. In normoxia, the HIF1AN-mediated hydroxylation of the HIF1? transactivation domain which results in blockage of the HIF1A-p300/CBP interaction and represses transcriptional activity of HIF1A targeted genes.

Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L48, also known as MRPL48, is a mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal protein which assists in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes, mitoribosomes, consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They include an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition while comparing to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed.An additional dissimilarity between mammalian mitoribosomes & prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Between different species, the proteins containing the mitoribosome differ very much in sequence, as well as in biochemical properties from time to time, which prevents easy recognition through sequence homology. MRPL48 encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to MRPL48 is found on chromosome 6p.

Egl Nine Homolog 3 (EGLN3) belongs to the EGLN family of prolyl hydroxylases. EGLN3 catalyzes hydroxylation of the ? subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor-?, which targets hypoxia-inducible factor-? for ubiquitination by a ubiquitin ligase complex containing the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor. EGLN3 is the most significant isozyme in limiting physiological activation of HIFs (especially HIF2A) in hypoxia. EGLN3 is activated in cardiovascular cells and Hela cells after exposure to hypoxia. In addition, EGLN3 hydroxylates PKM2 in hypoxia, thus limiting glycolysis. Under normoxia, EGLN3 hydroxylates and regulates the stability of ADRB2. EGLN3 is inhibited by polynitrogen compounds possibly by chelation to Fe2+ ions.

Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) is a cytosolic adapter protein, which has a central role in the innate and adaptive immune response. MYD88 functions as a vital signal transducer in the interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. MYD88 acts via IRAK1, IRAK2, IRF7 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. The MYD88 protein increases IL-8 transcription. MYD88 is involved in IL-18-mediated signaling pathway. MYD88 activates IRF1, resulting in its rapid migration into the nucleus to mediate an efficient induction of IFN-beta, NOS2/INOS, and IL12A genes. MYD88 is comprised of an N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal Toll-interleukin1 receptor domain. Patients with defects in the MYD88 gene have an increased susceptibility to pyogenic bacterial infections.

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified to be secreted by the pituitary gland and the monocyte/macrophage and to play an important role in endotoxic shock. MIF has the unique property of being released from macrophages and T cells in response to physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. The secretion of MIF is tightly regulated and decreases at high, anti-inflammatory steroid concentration.

Maltose Binding Protein is a member of the maltose/maltodextrin system of E.Coli, which is accountable for the uptake and efficient catabolism of maltodextrins. The maltose/maltodextrin is a complex regulatory and transport system involving many proteins and protein complexes. MBP elevates the yield of its fusion partner in many cases and is often able to promote the solubility of polypeptides to which it is fused.

MAX protein is part of the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHZ) family of transcription factors. MAX forms homodimers and heterodimers with Mad, Mxi1 and Myc. Myc is an oncoprotein implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The homodimers and heterodimers compete for a common DNA target site (the E box) and rearrangement among these dimer forms offers a complex system of transcriptional regulation. In contrast to Myc, which is exceedingly regulated throughout progression during the cell cycle, Max is very stable and is much more abundant than Myc.

Stress-Induced Protein SAM22 (Gly m 4.0101) causes an allergic reaction in humans. Gly m 4 is the main soy allergen for patients allergic to birch pollen with soy allergy.

Mmitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM20 homolog (TOMM20) is a member of the Tom20 family. The Tom machinery consists of import receptors for the initial binding of cytosolically synthesized preproteins and a general import pore (GIP) for the membrane translocation of various preproteins into the mitochondria. TOMM20 acts as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the TOM40 translocation pore.

MIG (CXCL9) is a small cytokine which is part of the CXC chemokine family. MIG, which is also recognized as monokine is induced by gamma interferon. MIG is related to 2 other CXC chemokines named CXCL10 and CXCL11, whose genes are located next to the gene for CXCL9 on human chromosome 4. CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 obtain their chemotactic functions by interacting with the chemokine receptor CXCR3.

MTPN is an ankyrin repeat protein, that stimulates protein synthesis and cardiomyocyte growth to commence cardiac hypertrophy by activating the NF-kappaB signaling cascade. Myotrophin participates in cerebellar morphogenesis and takes part in differentiation of cerebellar neurons, particularly of granule cells. High levels of MTPN are expressed in human dilated cardiomyopathic and ischemic hearts.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms, β, γ, ε, σ, ζ, τ and η that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3 epsilon, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was thought to be brain and neuron-specific. It has been shown to interact with CDC25 phosphatases, RAF1 and IRS1 proteins, suggesting its role in diverse biochemical activities related to signal transduction, such as cell division and regulation of sensitivity. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer.

YWHAB belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins which are in charge for signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. YWHAB is found in both plants and mammals. YWHAB protein interacts with RAF1 and CDC25 phosphatases,thus linking mitogenic signaling and the cell cycle machinery. YWHAB is an adapter protein involved in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathway. YWHAB binds to a large number of proteins by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner.

Human Mucin-1 (CA15-3), aka MUC1, is a glycoprotein with extensive O-linked glycosylation of its extracellular domain. This protein has alpha and beta subunits that form a heterodimeric complex. The N-terminal alpha subunit roles in cell-adhesion and the C-terminal beta subunit is involved in cell signaling. Mucins line the apical surface of epithelial cells in the stomach, lungs, intestines, eyes and other tissues. Mucins protect the body from infection by pathogen binding to oligosaccharides in the extracellular domain, preventing the pathogen from reaching the cell surface. Overexpression of CA15-3 is often associated with colon, breast, ovarian, lung and pancreatic cancers.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. This particular family member plays an important role in the onset of endochondral bone formation in humans, and a reduction in expression has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Alternative splicing in the 5' untranslated region of this gene has been described and three variants are described, all encoding an identical protein.

Musculoskeletal, Embryonic Nuclear Protein 1, also known as MUSTN1 is a member of the MUSTANG family. MUSTN1 is implicated in the development andregeneration of the musculoskeletal system.

MOG is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of oligodendrocyte cell and on the outermost surface of myelin sheaths. MOG comprises about 0.1% of total CNS myelin protein. The MOG gene is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and is found within the MHC. The MOG gene is found on chromosome 6p21.3-p22. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein is a glycoprotein thought to be significant in the process of myelinization of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). MOG peptide (35-55) is highly encephalitogenic and can induce strong T and B cell responses. A single injection of this peptide produces a relapsing- remitting neurologic disease with extensive plaque-like demyelination. Because of the clinical, histophathologic, and immunologic similarities with multiple sclerosis (MS), the MOG induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis may serve as a model for investigating MS.

MGP is vital for the regulation of calcification in the extracellular matrix, particularly in cartilage and arteries. The K-dependent vitamin MGP has five to six residues of Gla, a Ca2+ binding amino acid crucial for vitamin K-dependent gamma carboxylase for its formation. MGP is formed by COOH-terminal processing by carboxypeptidase B-like enzymatic activity and localized in the human bone.

MAP1LC3B is a member of the MAP1 LC3 family. MAP1LC3B is a subunit of neuronal microtubule-associated MAP1A and MAP1B proteins, that are involved in microtubule assembly and important for neurogenesis. In addition, MAP1LC3B takes part in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles and is expressed mainly in heart, testis, brain and skeletal muscle.