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Mediator Complex Subunit 27 (MED27) is a subunit of the CRSP (cofactor required for SP1 activation) complex, which, together with TFIID, is necessary for efficient activation by SP1. MED27 is a component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of virtually all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. MED27 protein is also a component of other multisubunit complexes such as the thyroid hormone receptor-(TR-) associated proteins which interact with TR and facilitate TR function on DNA templates in conjunction with initiation factors and cofactors. The activation of MED27 gene transcription is a multistep process, which is triggered by factors that identify transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA.

Cold inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) has a protective role in the genotoxic stress response by stabilizing transcripts of genes involved in cell survival. CIRBP localizes to the nucleus and contains one RRM (RNA recognition motif) domain. Expressed ubiquitously, CIRBP is believed to play a crucial role in the suppression of cellular proliferation in response to UV irradiation or extreme cold.

7-methylguanosine phosphate-specific 5'-nucleotidase (NT5C3B) includes transferase activity and nucleotide binding. Among NT5C3B’s related super-pathways are adenosine nucleotides degradation II and Pyrimidine metabolism. NT5C3B hydrolyzes 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m(7)GMP) to 7-methylguanosine and inorganic phosphate. The specific activity for m(7)GMP guards cells against undesired retrieval of m(7)GMP and its incorporation into nucleic acids. In addition, NT5C3B has weak activity for CMP.

FtsJ RNA Methyltransferase Homolog 2 (FTSJ2) belongs to the S-adenosylmethionine-binding protein family. FTSJ2 is a nucleolar protein and which is involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair and the processing and modification of rRNA. FTSJ2 is extensively expressed, with the highest expression in the muscle, placenta, and heart.

RPS24 is a member of the S24E family of ribosomal proteins. RPS24 is situated in the cytoplasm. Numerous transcript variations encoding different isoforms were identified for this gene. There are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene distributed all over the genome just like other genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Alterations in RPS24 cause Diamond-Blackfan anemia.

Mitochondrial methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (AUH) is involved in the amino acid degradation pathway by catalyzing the conversion of 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA and water. AUH Human is expressed as a single mRNA species of 1.8 kb, and translated as a 40kDa precursor protein which is consequently processed to a 32kDa mature form. AUH has a very low enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. The AUH protein binds to the AU-rich element (ARE), which is a common element found in the 3' UTR of rapidly decaying mRNA such as c-fos, c-myc and granulocyte/ macrophage colony stimulating factor. AU-rich elements are involved in directing RNA to rapid degradation and deadenylation. In addition, AUH is homologous to enol-CoA hydratase, which is an enzyme involved in fatty acid degradation, and has been shown to have intrinsic hydratase enzymatic activity. AUH is therefore a bifunctional chimera between RNA binding and metabolic enzyme activity.

Ribonuclease 7 (RNASE7) is one of the final RNase A superfamily ribonucleases. RNASE7 was isolated from skin-derived stratum corneum. RNASE7 protein demonstrated potent ribonuclease activity and hence may contribute to the well-known ribonuclease activity of human skin. RNASE7 has revealed a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against many pathogenic microorganisms and extraordinarily potent activity.

RNA 3'-Terminal Phosphate Cyclase (RTCA) encodes a part of the RNA 3'-phosphate cyclase family. RTCA takes part in RNA metabolism by catalyzing the ATP-dependent conversion of the 3'-phosphate of RNA substrates to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester. RTCA is involved in some phases of cellular RNA processing.

RNA Binding Motif Protein 11 (RBM11) which contains 1 RNA recognition motif is a part of the RBM family. The RBM gene family encodes proteins with an RNA binding motif which participate in the modulation of apoptosis. RBM11 is expressed in testis, kidney, spleen, brain, spinal cord and mammary gland and can be found as 2 isoforms produced by alternative splicing.

Zinc Ribbon Domain Containing 1 (ZNRD1) is a protein which shows similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rpa12p subunit of RNA polymerase I. ZNRD1 contains two potential zinc-binding motifs and takes part in regulation of cell proliferation. ZNRD1 is involved in cancer and human immunodeficiency virus progression. Alternate splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding the same protein. Additional splice variants have been found, but their full-length sequences have not been determined.

Alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a member of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family, key enzymes of protein biosynthesis which charge tRNA molecules with the respective amino acids. This 108 kDa protein is an autoantigen recognized by PL-12 antibodies which occur in a subset of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Preliminary data suggest that epitope spreading occurs in the autoimmune PL-12 response such that even antibodies to an isolated alanyl-tRNA molecule can develop.

Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (Galnt1) , is part of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) family of enzymes. The initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis is catalyzed by Glant1, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor. Moreover, Galnt1 is implicated in the glycosylation of proteins vital for bone formation for instance osteopontin and bone sialoprotein.

TAR DNA Binding Protein (TARDBP) was initially recognized as a transcriptional repressor which binds to chromosomally integrated TAR DNA and represses HIV-1 transcription. In addition, TARDBP has been detected in individuals diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy as well, which is a condition that often imitates ALS andhas been related with athletes who have experienced multiple concussions and other types of head injury.TARDBP has been shown to bind both DNA and RNA, it has multiple functions in transcriptional repression, pre-mRNAsplicing and translational regulation.

General Transcription Factor IIF Polypeptide 2 (GTF2F2) is a general transcription initiation factor which binds to RNA polymerase II and helps engage it in the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. GTF2F2 promotes transcription elongation. GTF2F2 shows ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity.

Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L48, also known as MRPL48, is a mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal protein which assists in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes, mitoribosomes, consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They include an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition while comparing to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed.An additional dissimilarity between mammalian mitoribosomes & prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Between different species, the proteins containing the mitoribosome differ very much in sequence, as well as in biochemical properties from time to time, which prevents easy recognition through sequence homology. MRPL48 encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to MRPL48 is found on chromosome 6p.

RNASE2, also known as EDN, is best-known as one of the 4 major proteins found in the large specific granules of human eosinophilic leukocytes. This protein is also expressed constitutively in human liver tissue and its expression can be induced in macrophages by proinflammatory stimuli. RNASE2 is a non-secretory ribonuclease which belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family, a subset of the ribonuclease A superfamily. Diseases associated with EDN include Dermatitis, Atopic, 8 and Pulmonary Eosinophilia.

RALY belongs to the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) gene family. RALY takes part in pre-mRNA splicing and also in embryonic development. Moreover, alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants have been found for RALY.

DIM1 dimethyladenosine transferase 1 homolog (DIMT1) is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. The DIMT1 enzyme specifically dimethylates 2 adjacent adenosines in the loop of a conserved hairpin near the 3'-end of 18S rRNA in the 40S particle. DIMT1 is restricted to the nucleolus.

Ribonuclease 3 (RNASE3) is cytotoxin and helminthotoxin with low-efficiency ribonuclease activity. RNASE3 possesses a broad diversity of biological activities. RNASE3 protein has shown antibacterial activity such as cytoplasmic membrane depolarization of preferentially Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains and promotes E. coli outer membrane detachment, alteration of the overall cell shape and partial loss of cell content.

LSM3 is a member of snRNP Sm proteins family which were identified in a large number of organisms based on sequence homology. Sm-like proteins have a Sm sequence motif that holds 2 regions detached by a linker of variable length that fold as a loop. The Sm-like proteins form a stable heteromer found in tri-snRNP particles that are vital for pre-mRNA splicing.

LSM2 is a member of the snRNP Sm proteins family. Sm-like proteins are branded in several organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family. Sm-like proteins hold the Sm sequence motif that is made up of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length which folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are believed to create a steady heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are vital for pre-mRNA splicing. LSM2 binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA nad takes part in pre-mRNA splicing.

BAT1 belongs to the DEAD box family of RNA-dependent ATPases that mediate ATP hydrolysis during pre-mRNA splicing. UAP56 protein is a vital splicing factor which is needed for connecting U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein with pre-mRNA, as well as takes a key part in mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Mutations in this protein may be connected to rheumatoid arthritis.

RBM3 belongs to the glycine-rich RNA-binding protein family and encodes a protein with one RNArecognition motif (RRM) domain. By cold shock and low oxygen tension the expression of this gene is induced. On chromosome 1 a pseudogene exists. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.Diseases associated with RBM3 include vaccinia, andcryptorchidism. GO annotations linked to this gene include RNA binding and ribosomal large subunit binding. An important paralog of this gene is RBMY1J.

DEAD Box Protein 56 (DDX56) belongs to the DEAD box protein family. DEAD box proteins, categorized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. DEAD box proteins are implicated in several cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based upon their distribution patterns, certain members of this family are assumed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. DDX56 exhibits ATPase activity in the presence of polynucleotides and associates with nucleoplasmic 65S preribosomal particles.