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The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified to be secreted by the pituitary gland and the monocyte/macrophage and to play an important role in endotoxic shock. MIF has the unique property of being released from macrophages and T cells in response to physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. The secretion of MIF is tightly regulated and decreases at high, anti-inflammatory steroid concentration.

Crystallin Zeta, also known as CRYZ, Binds NADP and participates in a one-electron transfer process. CRYZ takes part in the detoxification of xenobiotics and Interacts with (AU)-rich elements (ARE) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNA species. CRYZ improves the mRNA coding for BCL2.

Cystatin-SN (CST1) belongs to the type 2 salivary cystatin family found in a variety of fluids and secretions, including plasma, tears, and saliva. The cystatin superfamily includes proteins which contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, whereas others have lost or possibly never developed this inhibitory activity. CST1 is up-regulated in cancerous lesions of gastric cancer tissues compared to noncancerous regions, in addition clinicopathological analysis revealed a significant correlation between high expression of CST1.

Human Cystatin A (CSTA or Stefin A) belongs to family 1 of the cystatin superfamily, which is characterized by the lack of disulphide bonds and carbohydrates. CSTA is an intracellular inhibitor regulating the activities of cysteine proteases of the papain family such as Cathepsins B, H and L. Cystatin A has also been implicated in several disease states. Because of altered proteolytic state in cancer progression, CSTA may have a role in the proteolitic pathways.

Cystatin-A is the intracellular inhibitor of cysteine proteinase cathepsin B (CatB) and belongs to family 1 of the cystatin superfamily of inhibitor proteins. CSTA is a stefin that functions as a cysteine protease inhibitor, forming tight complexes with papain and the cathepsins B, H, and L. It has been proposed that extracellular CatB together with other classes of proteinases are all subjected to a cascade-like manner of activation. CatB and its inhibitor Cystatin-A are involved in degradation of extracellular matrix proteins during tissue remodeling. CSTA is one of the precursor proteins of cornified cell envelope in keratinocytes and plays a role in epidermal development and maintenance. Cystatin-A has been reported to be found in high concentrations in epithelial cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphoid tissue. Stefins may be used as prognostic and diagnostic tools for cancer.

HDGF is a member of the hepatoma-derived growth factor family. HDGF plays a role as a secreted mitogen from the human hepatoma cell line Huh-7. HDGF is a nuclear targeted vascular smooth muscle cell mitogen as well as a heparin-binding protein that is greatly expressed in tumor cells where it stimulates proliferation. HDGF takes part in organ development and lung remodeling after injury by promoting proliferation of lung epithelial cells. HDGF plays a role in the carcinogenesis of gastric epithelial cells through promotion of cell proliferation by Erk1/2 activation. HDGF is linked with tumorigenesis and the growth of cancer. HDGF is a self-regulating factor connected with the prognosis of liver cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. HDGF has proliferative, angiogenic, and neurotrophic activity. HDGF is a distinctive nuclear targeting growth factor that is vastly expressed in HCC cells and is a prognostic factor for HCC.

MMADHC is a mitochondrial protein which takes part in an early step of vitamin B1 2 metabolism. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is vital for regular development and existence in humans. Mutations in MMADHC can result in methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblD, a cobalamin metabolism syndrome which is characterized by decreased levels of the coenzymes methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin.

E-selectin (SELE) is a part of a family of divalent cation-dependent carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins or adhesion molecules. E-selectin is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and mediates the interaction of leukocytes and platelets with endothelial cells during an inflammatory response. E-selectin is present in single copy in the human genome and contains 14 exons spanning about 13 kb of DNA.

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), previously known as HMG-1 or amphoterin, is a member of the high mobility group box family of non-histone chromosomal proteins. Human HMGB1 is expressed as a 30 kDa, 215 amino acid (aa) single chain polypeptide containing three domains: two N-terminal globular, 70 aa positively charged DNA-binding domains (HMG boxes A and B), and a negatively charged 30 aa C-terminal region that contains only Asp and Glu.4, 5 Residues 27 - 43 and 178 - 184 contain a NLS. Posttranslational modifications of the molecule have been reported, with acetylation occurring on as many as 17 lysine residues. HMGB1 is expressed at high levels in almost all cells. It was originally discovered as a nuclear protein that could bend DNA. Such bending stabilizes nucleosome formation and regulates the expression of select genes upon recruitment by DNA binding proteins.

Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase (HPGDS) belongs to the sigma class glutathione-S-transferase family. The HPGDS enzyme catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2 and has a role in the production of prostanoids in the immune system and mast cells. The presence of the HPGDS enzyme can be utilized to identify the differentiation stage of human megakaryocytes. Furthermore, HPGDS is a prostaglandin involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and the conjugation of glutathione with a extensive range of aryl halides and organic isothiocyanates. In addition, HPGDS displays low glutathione-peroxidase activity towards cumene hydroperoxide. HPGDS is expressed in a number of megakaryocytic cell lines but not in platelets. HPGDS is highly expressed in the adipose tissue, macrophages and placenta; however it is expressed at lower levels in the lung, heart, lymph nodes, appendix, bone marrow and fetal liver.

NACA belongs to the nascent polypeptide associated complex (NAC) alpha subunit family which takes part in inhibiting unsuitable targeting of non-secretory polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). NACA proteins are usually restricted to the nucleus and cytoplasm and hold NAC-A/B (NAC-alpha/beta) and UBA (ubiquitin-associated) domains. The UBA domain is related to proteins which takes part in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for protein degradation.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

Signal-Regulatory Protein Gamma (SIRPG) belongs to the signal-regulatory protein (SIRP) family whose members are receptor-type transmembrane glycoproteins which negatively regulate the receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled signaling processes. SIRPG is also a part of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

ARL2 is a member of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family. ARL2 functions as a component of a secretory pathway which is involved in the Ca2-dependent release of acetylcholine. ARL2 has a role in the folding of tubule proteins, thus playing a significant role in microtubule dynamics and cell cycle progression. Unlike other members of the ARF family, ARL2 doesn’t act as an activator of the catalytic subunit of cholera toxin.

ARL5A is a member of the ARF family of GTP-binding proteins. ARFs are vital in eukaryotic vesicular trafficking pathways and have a crucial part in the activation of phospholipase D. Different from ARF family members, ARL5 is believed to lack ADP-ribosylation enhancing activity. ARL5A is developmentally regulated and has a role in nuclear dynamics and signaling cascades during embryonic development.

NME2 takes an important part in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. NME2 negatively controls Rho activity by interacting with AKAP13/LBC. NME2 acts as a transcriptional activator of the MYC gene. NME2 binds DNA non-specifically. NME2 is a heterodimeric enzyme functioning as a nucleoside diphosphate kinase. NME1 and NME2 contain 152 amino acids, A and B polypeptide chains of the NM23 enzyme, respectively. NME2 is identical to the beta subunit of human erythrocyte NDP kinase. NDP kinases participate in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates, and NM23 is involved in the regulation of signal transduction by complexing with G proteins, causing activation/inactivation of developmental pathways.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens.
IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons.

NUDT3 is a 172 amino acid cytoplasmic protein which is a member of the nudix hydrolase family and DIPP subfamily. NUDT3 functions as a negative regulator of the ERK 1/2 pathway and hydrolyzes 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate. NUDT3 is a monomer which binds magnesium as a cofactor. In addition, NUDT3 is widely expressed but can be found at highest levels in the liver, pancreas, brain and heart.

IL13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced primarily by activated Th2 cells. IL-13 is involved in several stages of B-cell maturation and differentiation. It up-regulates CD23 and MHC class II expression, and promotes IgE isotype switching of B cells. This cytokine down-regulates macrophage activity, thereby inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This cytokine is found to be critical to the pathogenesis of allergen-induced asthma but operates through mechanisms independent of IgE and eosinophils. This gene, IL3, IL5, IL4, and CSF2 form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5q, with this gene particularly close to IL4.

OTC is a member of the ATCase/OTCase family. OTC has a key part in the urea cycle, catalyzing the second step in this pathway: the transformation of L-orthinine and carbamoyl phosphate to L-citrulline. In humans, the urea cycle is a vital pathway to detoxification of ammonia. Alterations in the gene encoding OTC are linked to the X-linked disorder OTCD (ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency). OTCD disorder of the urea cycle is characterized by hyperammonemia.

BST2 takes part in the growth and development of B-cells. The human cellular protein BST2 inhibits retrovirus infection by maintaining the diffusion of virus particles after budding from infected cells. BST2 was originally discovered as an inhibitor to HIV-1 infection in the absence of Vpu, but it is also known to inhibit the release of other viruses such as the Lassa and Marburg virions. In addition, BST2 has a part in B-cell activation in rheumatoid arthritis.

BTC is a potent mitogen for retinal pigment epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The effects of betacellulin are mediated by the EGF receptor and other related receptors.

TIGAR is a p53-inducible enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose-2-6 bisphosphate (F-2-6-BP) to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. F-2-6-BP is an influential activator of 6-phosphofructose-1 kinase (the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis). By lowering the intracellular level of F-2-6-BP, TIGAR expression leads to increased glucose processing through the pentose phosphate pathway, the main cellular source for NADPH.

The type II transmembrane protein FASLG is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. A fas ligand/receptor interaction has a significant part in the regulation of the immune system and the advancement of cancer. FASLG is expressed on the activated T cell surface as a nondisulfidelinked homotrimer. FASLG binding to Fas/CD95/TNFRSF6 on a nearby cell prompts apoptosis in the Fas expressing cell. FASLG is released from the cell surface by metalloproteinases as a soluble molecule that stays trimeric and is able to bind with Fas, but its capability to activate apoptosis is radically reduced. In addition, FASLG binds to DcR3 - a soluble trap receptor with no signal transduction capabilities. Flawed Fas-mediated apoptosis causes oncogenesis in addition to drug resistance in existing tumors. Constitutive expression of FASLG in a variety of tumors enables their immune evasion. Both mouse and human FASLG are active on mouse and human cells.