Search results

The heat-shock response is elicited by exposure of cells to thermal and chemical stress and through the activation of HSFs (heat shock factors) results in the elevated expression of heat-shock induced genes. Heat shock factor binding protein-1 (HSBP1), is a 76-amino-acid protein that binds to heat shock factor 1(HSF1), which is a transcription factor involved in the HS response. During HS response, HSF1 undergoes conformational transition from an inert non-DNA-binding monomer to active functional trimers. HSBP1 is nuclear-localized and interacts with the active trimeric state of HSF1 to negatively regulate HSF1 DNA-binding activity. Overexpression of HSBP1 in mammalian cells represses the transactivation activity of HSF1. When overexpressed in C.elegans HSBP1 has severe effects on survival of the animals after thermal and chemical stress consistent with a role of HSBP1 as a negative regulator of heat shock response.

Adiponectin is a recently discovered 244 amino acid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells (Adipokine). The protein belongs to the soluble defense collagen super family; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. APM-1 forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum.

Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase domain-containing protein 3 (HDHD3) is a member of the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. This family of hydrolase enzymes includes L-2-haloacid dehalogenase, epoxide hydrolases and phosphatases.

Hairy and enhancer of split 2 (HES2) belongs to the HES family and comprised of one basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain and one orange domain. The HES family members form a complex with TLE, the mammalian homologue of Groucho, and this interaction is mediated by the carboxy terminal WRPW motif of the HES proteins. Activation of Notch signaling pathway initiates activation of HES family genes throughout the interaction between Notch intracellular domain and RBPSUH (CSL). HES2 is expressed in placenta, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer with RER, cervical cancer, and in head and neck tumors.

ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 9 (ARL9) is a member of to 2 novel subfamilies coding for small GTPases that were found to be highly conserved among eukaryotes.

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-5 or ICAM-5 is a glycoprotein, part of the immunoglobulin family and located in the cell membrane. We can find ICAM-5 in telencephalic neurons, in a couple of adhesion activity, firstly heterophilic binding amid neurons and leukocytes and secondly, homophilic binding amid neurons. ICAM-5 is expressed exclusively in telencephalic areas of the central nervous system. Similar to other ICAMs molecules, ICAM-5 adhere to LFA-1 which is a leukocyte integrin.

Spi-1 Proto-Oncogene, also known as SPI1, owns ETS-domain transcription factor which activates gene expression during myeloid and Blymphoid cell development. SPI1 binds to a purine-rich sequence called the PU-box which is located near the promoters of target genes, and regulates their expression. SPI1 binds RNA and modulate pre-mRNA splicing. SPI1 is also regulates alternative splicing of target genes.

Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) is a member of the Bcl-2 family and contains a Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3). BCL2L11 expression can be stimulated by nerve growth factor (NGF), in addition to the forkhead transcription factor (FKHR-L1) which proposes a role of the BCL2L11 gene in neuronal and lymphocyte apoptosis. BCL2L11 interacts with other members of the BCL-2 protein family, including BCL2, BCL2L1/BCL-X(L), and MCL1, and acts as an apoptotic activator. BimEL, BimL and BimS are the main isoforms which are ubiquitously expressed with a tissue-specific variation. The Isoform Bim-gamma, on the other hand, is most abundantly expressed in the small intestine and colon, and in lower levels in spleen, prostate, testis, heart, liver and kidney.

Phosphoglycerate kinase 1, also referred to PGK1, is an X-linked enzyme whichfunctions in the glycolytic pathway.The gene encoding the erythrocyte enzyme PGK1 & it seems that PGK-1 plays a role as a polymerase alpha cofactor protein (primer recognition protein) as a glyxolytic enzyme role. The PGK1 catalyzes the reversible conversion of 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate during glycolysis, generating one molecule of ATP.

CCDC101 is known as a subunit of the SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase) histone acetyltransferase complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CCDC101 is conserved from yeast to humans.

The protein encoded by LAMP2 belongs to a family of membrane glycoproteins. This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands LAMP2 takes part in tumor cell metastasis and in addition has a role in the protection, maintenance, and adhesion of the lysosome. The effect of alternative splicing of this gene is multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins.

Complement Factor B, also known as CFB, encodes complement factor B which is a component of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Factor B circulates in the blood as a single chain polypeptide. Once the alternative pathway is activated it is cleaved by complement factor D yielding the noncatalytic chain Ba and the catalytic subunit Bb. The active subunit Bb is a serine protease which connects with C3b to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase. Also, Bb is involved in the proliferation of preactivated B lymphocytes, while Ba inhibits their proliferation.

Leukocyte Immunoglobulin Like Receptor B1 (LILRB1) is a member of the leukocyteimmunoglobulinlike receptor (LIR) family. LILRB1is expressed on immune cells, binds to MHC classI molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immuneresponse. LILRB1 controls inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity to help focus the immune responseand limit autoreactivity. LILRB1 is also expressed on the surface of B cells and monocytes, subsets of NKcells, gamma δ T cells,memory/effector CD8+ T cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are comprised of an alpha, a beta and a gamma subunit. The alpha, beta and gamma subunits are encoded by families of related genes. GNB1 encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are vital regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. G proteins are involved as a modulator or transducer in numerous transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are necessary for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

GH is a member of the prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the GH locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five GHs, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the GH locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to GH deficiency and short stature.

Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are cytosolic phosphoproteins involved in neuronal differentiation and axonal guidance. CRMP2 was previously shown to mediate the repulsive effect of Sema3A on axons and to participate in axonal specification. The X-ray crystal structure of murine CRMP1 was determined at 2.1 resolution and demonstrates that CRMP1 is a bilobed ‘lung-shaped’ protein forming a tetrameric assembly.

E1 and E2 glycoproteins form a heterodimer which is involved in virus attachment to the host cell, virion internalization via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and fusion with host membrane. E1/E2 heterodimer binds to human LDLR, CD81 and SCARB1/SR-BI receptors, however this binding insufficient for infection, some additional liver specific cofactors may be required. The fusion function may perhaps be conducted by E1. E2 hinders human EIF2AK2/PKR activation, preventing the establishment of an antiviral state. E2 is a viral ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR, which are respectively located on dendritic cells (DCs), and on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophage-like cells of lymph node sinuses. These interactions allow seizure of circulating HCV particles by these cells and subsequent diffusion to permissive cells.

S100A16 belongs to the S100 protein super family containing calcium-binding EF-hand motifs. S100 proteins are cell and tissue specific and are engaged in various intra and extracellular processes through interacting with specific target proteins. The S100A16 expression is astrocyte-specific. S100A16 accumulates within nucleoli and translocates to the cytoplasm in reaction to Ca(2+) stimulation. S100A16 physically interacts with tumor suppressor protein p53 (which is a known inhibitor of adipogenesis) as determined Immunoprecipitation analysis.

S100A4 is part of the S100 super-family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium binding domains. S100A4 is ubiquitously overexpressed and is localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus. S100A4 is involved in motility, invasion, and tubulin polymerization. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of the S100A4 gene have been implicated in tumor metastasis.

Marginal zone B- and B1-cell-specific protein (MZB1) functions as a hormone-regulated adipokine/proinflammatory cytokine which is implicated in causing chronic inflammation and affecting cellular expansion. MZB1 links with immunoglobulin M (IgM) heavy and light chains and stimulate s IgM assembly and secretion. MZB1 exerts its effect by acting as a molecular chaperone or as an oxidoreductase as it exhibits a low level of oxidoreductase activity. MZB1 helps to diversify peripheral B-cell functions by regulating Ca(2+) stores, antibody secretion and integrin activation.

Surfactant pulmonary-associated protein D (SFTPD) belongs to the collectin family of C-type lectins, which is synthesized in many tissues including respiratory epithelial cells in the lung, and contains one C-type lectin domain and one collagen-like domain. SFTPD has humoral molecules of the innate immune system, and is deemed a functional candidate in chronic periodontitis. Moreover, SFTPD is involved in the development of acute and chronic inflammation of the lung. A number of human lung diseases are characterized by decreased levels of bronchoalveolar SFTPD. SFTPD contributes to the lungs defense against inhaled microorganisms, organic antigens and toxins. SFTPD interacts with complexes such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, oligosaccharides and fatty acids and modulates leukocyte action in immune response. In addition, SFTPD participates in the extracellular reorganization or turnover of pulmonary surfactant. SFTPD binds strongly maltose residues and to a lesser extent other alpha-glucosyl moieties.

ICAM-3/CD50, or CD50 or Cluster of Differentiation 50 is a protein, part of the intercellular adhesion molecule superfamily. every ICAM peptides are type I transmembrane glycoproteins, bind to leukocyte adhesion LFA-1 & has 2-9 immunoglobulinlike C2-type domains. ICAM-3/CD50 can be found in every leukocyte and acts as a crucial ligand for LFA-1 in the start of the immune system response. ICAM-3/CD50 acts as an adhesion molecule and is also a potent signaling protein.