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NEFL or Neurofilament light polypeptide is a protein that is encoded through the NEFL gene. NEFL is correlated to a disease called Charcot–Marie–Tooth. The protein’s light subunit is determined by immunoassays in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, if present, it can indicate on axonal damage in neurological diseases. By doing so, NEFL can act as a marker for Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.

GHBP is a transmembrane receptor for GH. Binding of GH to the receptor leads to receptor dimerization and the activation of an intra- and intercellular signal transduction pathway leading to growth. A common alternate allele of this gene, called GHRd3, lacks exon three and has been well-characterized. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Laron syndrome, also known as the GH insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), a disorder characterized by short stature. Other splice variants, including one encoding a soluble form of the protein (GHRtr), have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized.

Lysostaphin, an endopeptidase specific for the cell wall peptidoglycan of staphylococci, is an extremely potent anti-staphylococcal agent. Lysostaphin is used as a research and diagnostic tool. Because it lyses staphylococci efficiently, it is widely used when preparing staphylococcal DNA or other cellular components for genetic and biochemical studies and for the preparation of protoplasts for transformation. Preparation and analysis of bacterial DNA has become a powerful tool used by clinical and other microbiologists in epidemiological studies aimed at tracing sources of infection or bacterial contamination.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland.
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). TSH production is controlled by a Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone, (TRH), which is manufactured in the hypothalamus and transported to the Anterior Pituitary gland, where it increases TSH production and release. Somatostatin is also produced by the hypothalamus, and has an opposite effect on the pituitary production of TSH, decreasing or inhibiting its release.
The level of Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the blood have an additional effect on the pituitary release of TSH, When the levels of T3 and T4 are low, the production of TSH is increased, and conversely, when levels of T3 and T4 are high, then TSH production is decreased. This effect creates a regulatory negative feedback loop.
TSH is a glycoprotein and consists of two subunits, the alpha and the beta subunit.
The a (alpha) subunit is identical to that of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
The b (beta) subunit is unique to TSH, and therefore determines its function.

GMCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer. This gene has been localized to a cluster of related genes at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Other genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13.
GM-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes. Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor is a potent species-specific growth factor produced by a variety of cell types including T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells and endothelial cells. GM-CSF is produced in response to cytokine or immune stimulation and has been shown to stimulate the proliferation, maturation and function of hematopoietic cells.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. As its name implies, VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells ).VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor. Elevated levels of this protein is linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in this gene have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

ARF4 belongs to the ARF gene family whose members encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins which stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and have a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. The ARF proteins include five ARF proteins and eleven ARF-like proteins and constitute one family of the RAS superfamily. They are classified as class I, class II and class III; the ARF4 gene is a class II member. The members of each class share a common gene organization. The ARF4 gene spans approximately 12kb and contains 6 exons and 5 introns. The ARF4 gene is the most divergent member of the human ARFs.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. As its name implies, VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells ).VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.
Elevated levels of this protein is linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in this gene have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Ephrin-B3 (EFNB3) which belongs to the ephrin gene family is essential in brain development as well as in its maintenance. EFNB3 binds to, and induces the collapse of, commissural axons/growth cones in vitro. EFNB3 loosely binds Eph receptors located on bordering cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. The EPH and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and are implicated in mediating developmental events, mostly in the nervous system.

Nuclear Receptor-Interacting Protein (NRIP3)is a 241 amino acid protein which is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 11.Diseases associated with NRIP3 include sarcoma, and acute myeloid leukemia.

BST1 (Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 1), is a GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchored membrane protein which is part of the CD38 family. BST1 was initially recognized as a bone marrow stromal cell molecule. BST1 is an ectoenzyme sharing more than a few features with ADP-ribosyl cyclase CD38. BST1 together with CD38, exhibit both DP-ribosyl cyclase and cyclinc ADP ribose hydrolase activities. BST1 participates in rheumatoid arthritis due to its enhanced expression in RA-derived bone marrow stromal cell lines. Moreover, BST1 is expressed by cells of the myeloid lineage and could perform as a receptor with a signal transduction capability.

BST2 takes part in the growth and development of B-cells. The human cellular protein BST2 inhibits retrovirus infection by maintaining the diffusion of virus particles after budding from infected cells. BST2 was originally discovered as an inhibitor to HIV-1 infection in the absence of Vpu, but it is also known to inhibit the release of other viruses such as the Lassa and Marburg virions. In addition, BST2 has a part in B-cell activation in rheumatoid arthritis.

Stem cell factor / KIT ligand (SCF) is a cytokine which binds CD117(c-Kit). SCF is also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand". SCF exists in two forms, cell surface bound SCF and soluble (or free) SCF. Soluble SCF is produced by the cleavage of surface bound SCF by metalloproteases. SCF is a growth factor important for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and other hematopoietic progenitor cells. One of its roles is to change the BFU-E (burst-forming unit-erythroid) cells, which are the earliest erythrocyte precursors in the erythrocytic series, into the CFU-E (colony-forming unit-erythroid).

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and assist in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit (MRPL13 is a 39S subunit protein) and have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. An additional difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the second contain a 5S rRNA. Among various species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology.

Alpha 1 ACT is an early-stage acute-phase plasma protein and a serpin that preferentially inactivates chymotrypsin, cathepsin G, and chymase. Alpha-1-ACT, a serine protease inhibitor, is tightly associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in normal aged human and monkey brain.
Regulation of the serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors plays an important role in neuromuscular differentiation. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), a chymotrypsin-like serine protease, is predominantly complexed to Alpha-1-ACT.

IL3 is a potent growth promoting cytokine. This cytokine is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. It is involved in a variety of cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. This cytokine has been shown to also possess neurotrophic activity, and it may be associated with neurologic disorders.

Calretinin is an intracellular calcium-binding protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily characterized by a structural motif described as the EF-hand domain. The immunohistochemical detection of calretinin in developing cerebellum is restricted to the later stages indicated by weak staining from week 21 of gestation, in Purkinje and basket cells and in neurons of the dentate nucleus. The intensity of staining increases as the cerebellum matures. In tumors, calretinin has been detected in mesotheliomas and some pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

Calmodulin-2 acts as an intracellular calcium sensor protein. When the intracellular Ca2+ concentration increases, calmodulin can bind up to four Ca2+, changing its conformation and regulating cellular functions such as activation or inhibition of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, and receptors. P53 protein stimulates CALM2 gene expression in 041 cells. CALM-2 is involved in the processes of Ca(2+)-induced neuronal cell death and the blockage of calmodulin attenuates brain injury after cerebral ischemia. Calmodulin-2 mediates the control of a large number of enzymes and other proteins by ca(2+). among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases.

FLT3 ligand is a receptor for the fl cytokine has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity & a growth factor that regulates proliferation of early hematopoietic cells. Flt3-Ligand synergizes with other CSFs and interleukins to induce growth and differentiation.

CDC123 is a member of the CDC123 family. CDC123is required for S phase entry of the cell cycle. It is also broadly expressed in spleen,thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon and leukocytes with the uppermost expression in testis.

Haptoglobin is a glycoprotein which is synthesized in the liver and circulates in the blood. Haptoglobin is produced typically by hepatocytes but also by other tissues: e.g. skin, lung, and kidney. It is a positive acute phase protein that binds free hemoglobin and removes it from the circulation to prevent kidney injury, and iron loss following hemolysis. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex is subsequently removed by the reticuloendothelial system (generally the spleen). As the reticuloendothelial system removes the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex from the body, haptoglobin levels are reduced in hemolytic anaemias. In the course of binding hemoglobin, haptoglobin sequesters the iron inside hemoglobin, preventing iron-utilizing bacteria from benefitting from hemolysis.
Haptoglobin consists of two A- and two B-chains, connected by disulfide bonds. Three major haptoglobin phenotypes are known to exist (Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1, and Hp 2-2). Hp 1-1 is biologically the most effective in binding free hemoglobin and suppressing inflammatory responses associated with free hemoglobin. Hp 2-2 is biologically the least active, and Hp 2-1 is moderately active. Haptoglobin’s molecular mass ranges from 8-200 kDa.
Reduced levels can be seen in haemolysis and impaired liver function. High levels are a marker for acute or chronic inflammation. Ahaptoglobinemia or hypohaptoglobinemia are caused by mutations in the haptoglobin gene and/or its regulatory regions. Haptoglobin is also linked to diabetic nephropathy, the incidence of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease, inflammatory disease behavior, primary sclerosing cholangitis, susceptibility to idiopathic Parkinson's disease, and a reduced incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.