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Thermosensitive Gluconokinase, also known as IDNK is a 187 a.a protein which is a member of the gluconokinase gntK/gntV family. IDNK catalyzes theconversion of ATP and D-gluconate to ADP and 6-phospho-D-gluconate. In addition, IDNK is considered to take part in gender determination, deletion of the distal portion of 9p is able to lead to a development of male to female sex reversal, the phenotype of a female with a male X, Y genotype.

UNG is a member of the Uracil-DNA glycosylase family. One of his functions is to prevent mutagenesis by eliminating uracil from DNAmolecules by cleaving the N-glycosylic bond and initiating the base-excision repair (BER) pathway. Uracil basesare formed as a result of cytosine deamination or misincorporation of dUMP residues. After a mutation is formed, the mutagenicthreat of uracil propagates through any subsequent DNA replication steps. Among the diseases associated with UNG are: congenital rubella, and immunodeficiency with hyper igm type 4.

Crystallin, Mu (CRYM) is a taxon-specific crystallin protein which binds NADPH and has sequence similarity to bacterial ornithine cyclodeaminases. CRYM doesn’t perform a structural role in lens tissue; instead CRYM binds thyroid hormone for possible regulatory or developmental roles. CRYM gene mutations are linked with autosomal dominant non-syndromic deafness. CRYM specifically catalyzes the reduction of imine bonds in brain substrates which may include cystathionine ketamine and lanthionine ketamine.

Sorcin (SRI) which is a 22kDa calcium-binding protein was originally identified in multidrug-resistant cells. Sorcin, which modulates excitation-contraction coupling in the heart, contributes to calcium homeostasis in the heart sarcoplasmic reticulum.

BIN1 is a nucleocytoplasmic adaptor protein, one of which was primarily identified as MYC-interacting protein having the characteristics of a tumor suppressor. BIN1 protein interacts with and inhibits the oncogenic activity of the myc oncoprotein that is a key player in many human cancers. The absence of Bin1 contributes to growth deregulation in cancer cells in carcinoma of the breast, colon, lung, cervix, prostate and liver.

C1QBP having the accession number of NP_001203 binds to the globular "heads" of c1q thus inhibiting c1 activation. C1QBP interacts with a wide range of ligands and is implicated in cell signaling. C1QBP associates with C1r and C1s in order to yield the first component of the serum complement system. C1QBP protein has been identified as the p32 subunit of pre-mRNA splicing factor SF2, as well as a hyaluronic acid-binding protein.
C1QBP is a new marker of tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages/myeloid cells in hypoxic/metabolically deprived areas of tumors.
Mitochondrial C1QBP is a critical mediator of p14ARF-induced apoptosis.
C1QBP functions as a chemotactic factor for immature dendritic cells, and migration is mediated through ligation of both C1QBP and cC1qR/CR.
C1QBP overexpression successfully blocks mRNA accumulation from the adenovirus major late transcription unit (MLTU) and stimulates RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain phosphorylation in virus-infected cells.
C1QBP binds with Hepacivirus core protein on CD8+ and CD4+ positive t-cells and inactivates lck and akt.

CAMLG binds to cyclophilin B and operates downstream of the TCR and upstream of calcineurin by causing an influx of calcium. CAMLG is an essential membrane protein that takes part in the calcium signal transduction pathway, connecting cyclophilin B to calcium signaling.

Human CCL16, also called HCC-4, liver-expressed chemokine (LEC), and lymphocyte and monocyte chemoattractant (LMC), is a novel CC chemokine recognized by bioinformatics. NCC-4 cDNA encodes a 120 amino acids along with a 23 amino acids signal peptide that is cleaved to generate 97 amino acid protein. HCC4 is vaguely related to other CC chemokines, showing less than 30% sequence identity. Among CC chemokines, CCL-16 has the largest similarity to HCC-1. 2 potential polyadenylation signals are present on the human HCC-4 gene, and as a result, 2 transcripts containing roughly 1,500 base pairs and 500 base pairs have been detected. HCC-4 is expressed weakly by some lymphocytes, including NK cells, T cells, and some T cell clones. The expression of HCC-4 in monocytes is greatly upregulated in the presence of IL-10.
CCL16 shows chemotactic activity for lymphocytes and monocytes rather than to neutrophils. NCC-4 has potent myelosuppressive activity, suppresses proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. CCL16 demonstrates chemotactic activity for monocytes and thp-1 monocytes, rather than for resting lymphocytes and neutrophils. HCC-4 induces a calcium flux in thp-1 cells that desensitized prior to the expression of rantes.

Kallikrein-10 (KLK10) is one of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having various physiological functions. KLK10 is secreted and has a role in suppression of tumorigenesis in breast and prostate cancers.

TNFSF15 is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, but is not expressed in either B or T cells. The expression of TNFSF15 is inducible by TNF and IL-1 alpha. This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF25 and decoy receptor TNFRSF21/DR6. It can activate NF-kappaB and MAP kinases, and acts as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. TNFSF15 is also found to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and thus may function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. An additional isoform encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript variant has been reported but the sequence of this transcript has not been determined.

MDC (CCL22) is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL22 is one of several Cys-Cys (CC) cytokine genes clustered on the q arm of chromosome 16.
MDC shows chemotactic activity for natural killer cells, chronically activated T lymphocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells. On the other hand, MDC shows a mild activity for primary activated T lymphocytes and has no chemoattractant activity for neutrophils, eosinophils and resting T lymphocytes. MDC may also have a role in the trafficking of activated T lymphocytes to inflammatory sites and other aspects of activated T lymphocyte physiology. MDC interacts with cell surface chemokine receptors CCR4.
CCL22 is vastly expressed in macrophage and in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and thymus. CCL22 is also found in the lymph node, appendix, activated monocytes, resting and activated macrophages. Lower expression of CCL22 can be seen in the lung and the spleen and very weak expression in the small intestine. In the lymph node CCL22 is expressed in a mature subset of Langerhans' cells (CD1a+ and CD83+).
Furthermore, CCL22 is expressed in atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis skin, and psoriasis, in both the epidermis and dermis. In addition, MDC has a role in hindering progression of lung cancer. Moreover, significantly higher CCL22 expression is linked to gastric cancer.

Glucokinase also known as GLK is a member of the bacterial glucokinase family. GLK is not highly significant in E.coli since glucoseis already transported into the cell through the PTS system as glucose 6-phosphate.

Kallikrein-10 (KLK10) is one of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having various physiological functions. KLK10 is secreted and has a role in suppression of tumorigenesis in breast and prostate cancers.

Translin is a DNA and RNA binding protein that identifies specifically preserved target sequences at the breakpoint junction of chromosomal translocations. TSN forms a ring-shaped configuration, that is in charge of DNA binding, and in addition has a leucine zipper motif, which is believed to assist TSN to form dimers. TSN exports specific mRNAs out of the nucleus, reinforced by its localization in both the nuclei and cytoplasm of neurons, and regulates their translation.

FANK1 was localized in the nuclei of identical cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Depending on its nuclear localization, a gene ontology analysis proposes that FANK1 has a DNA binding activity therefor operates as a transcription factor. The extremely controlled expression of FANK1, suggests that it takes part in regulating gene expression in the transition from the meiotic phase to the haploid phase throughout spermatogenesis.

Kallikrein-15 (KLK15) is one of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. KLK15 contains numerous polyadenylation sites and alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. KLK15 is over expressed in prostate cancer and therefore uses as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for prostate cancer.

Chondrolectin (CHODL) is a type I membrane protein with a carbohydrate recognition domain characteristic of C-type lectins in its extracellular portion. In other proteins, this domain is involved in endocytosis of glycoproteins and exogenous sugar-bearing pathogens. The CHODL protein localizes mainly to the perinuclear region.

VCPKMT is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. VCPKMT is a protein-lysine N-methyltransferase which specifically trimethylates 'Lys-315' of VCP/p97; this alteration reduces VCP ATPase activity.

MCEE catalyzes the interconversion of D- and L-methylmalonyl-CoA throughout the degradation of branched chain amino acids, odd chain-length fatty acids, and other metabolites. MCEE protein deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of amino acid metabolism, involving valine, threonine, isoleucine and methionine. This organic aciduria can appear in the neonatal period with life-threatening metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, feeding difficulties, pancytopenia and coma.

Epiregulin is part of the EGF family. Epiregulin functions as a ligand of EGFR, as well as a ligand of most members of the ERBB (v-erb-b2 oncogene homolog) family of tyrosine-kinase receptors.Epiregulin is expressed mostly in the placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes and in specific carcinomas of the bladder, lung, kidney and colon. Epiregulin stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Epiregulin inhibits the growth of several tumor-derived epithelial cell lines. Human Epiregulin is initially synthesized as a glycosylated 19.0 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a 6.0 kDa mature secreted sequence.

Glucokinase or GLK, is a protein, part of the bacterial glucokinase superfamily. In the bacteria E. coli, glucose can be transported to the inner cell through a system called PTS as glucose 6-phosphate, therefore, GLK is less crucial to the bacteria.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is the principal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator(tPA) and uPA, the activators of plasminogenand hence fibrinolysis(the physiological breakdown of blood clots). It is a serine protease inhibitor(serpin) protein (SERPINE1). The other PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2(PAI-2) is secreted by the placentaand only present in significant amounts during pregnancy. In addition, protease nexinacts as an inhibitor of tPA. SERPINE1, however, is the main inhibitor of the plasminogen activators.

Superoxide dismutase Mn (soda) belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. SodA destroys radicals that are typically produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. SodA works by catalyzing the dismutation of the superoxide radical O2- to O2 and H2O2, which are then metabolized to H2O and O2 by catalase and glutathione peroxidase.