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The Bcl-2 family of protein is characterized by its ability to modulate cell death under a broad range of physiologic conditions. Bcl-2 and several related proteins function to inhibit apoptosis while other members of the Bcl-2 family, such as Bax and Bak, enhance cell death under various conditions. Bad exhibits homology to Bcl-2 limited to the BH1, but not with Bax, Bcl-xS, Mcl-1, A1 or itself. In mammalian cells, Bad binds with greater affinity to Bcl-xL than to Bcl-2 and reverses the death repressor activity of Bcl-xL but not Bcl-2.

Cystatins are a superfamily of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in both plants and animals. They comprise a group of proteinase inhibitors, widely distributed in tissues and body fluids, and form tight complexes with cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B, H, L and S. Cystatin C, a secreted molecule of this family, is of interest from biochemical, medicine and evolutionary points of view. Cystatin C, with molecular weight of 13260 Da, is composed of 120 amino acids, lacks carbohydrate and has two disulfide bridges located near the carboxyl terminus. Cystatin C is increased in patients with malignant diseases, and is related to the insufficiency of renal function and appears to be a better marker than creatinine. On the other hand, low levels of cystatin C involve cause the breakdown of the elastic laminae and, subsequently, the atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

The Recombinant Protein L is comprised of 5 kappa-binding domains. Protein L has the exceptional ability to bind through kappa light chain interactions without hindering with the antibody’s antigen-binding site. This gives Protein L the capacity to bind a broader range of Ig classes and subclasses than other antibody-binding proteins. The recombinant Protein L is perfect for purification of polyclonal or monoclonal IgG antibodies. Protein L binds to IgG from humans, mice, rats and pigs.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

Dengue fever is affected by 1 of 4 closely linked virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. One might have dengue fever infected by the different serotype virus after the primary infection. Detection of particular antibodies to dengue viruses is used for the diagnosis in clinic. Recently, lateral flow rapid test products have become a most suitable and known method in the clinical diagnosis. Though, there is difficulty for manufacturers to have the dengue antigens with a whole coverage for Dengue IgG & IgM recognition for all 4 serotype infections as well as with colloid gold binding ability. 8 dengue antigens have been established for the lateral flow products which are well defined for their coverage of dengue IgG & IgM recognition. The researcher can select the products below based on their own specific application.

Leptin is a protein hormone. It is mainly produced in adipose cells that regulate energy homeostasis by restraining hunger. Leptin ties to nuclear receptors in the hypothalamus (arcuate nucleus). Similar to insulin resistance in type II diabetes, in obesity there is a decrease in the sensitivity towards leptin, ending in a failure to identify satiety, even in high levels of energy stores or leptin itself. Full-length cDNA encoding 2 leptin sequences (tLepA and tLepB) and 1 leptin receptor sequence (tLepR) exists in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The full-length cDNA of tLepR is 3423 bp, encoding a protein of 1140 amino acid which contained all functionally important domains conserved among vertebrate leptin receptors. The cDNAs of tLepA and tLepB are 486 bp and 459 bp in length, encoding proteins of 161 aa and 152 aa, respectively. The three-dimensional structures of tLepA and tLepB demonstrates strong conservation of tertiary structure with that of human leptin comprised of 4 helixes.

Cystatins are a superfamily of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in both plants and animals. They comprise a group of proteinase inhibitors, widely distributed in tissues and body fluids, and form tight complexes with cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B, H, L and S. Cystatin C, a secreted molecule of this family, is of interest from biochemical, medicine and evolutionary points of view. Cystatin C is increased in patients with malignant diseases, and is related to the insufficiency of renal function and appears to be a better marker than creatinine. On the other hand, low levels of cystatin C involve cause the breakdown of the elastic laminae and subsequently, the atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Complement Component C5a (C5a) is involved in the complement system and it is encoded by the C5 gene in human. Complement C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b. C5a has an imperative role in chemotaxis and C5b forms the 1st part of the complement membrane attack complex. Complement C5 is the 5th component of complement, which plays a central role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. C5a protein is composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains, which are linked by a disulfide bridge. An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin, which has potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derivative from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a convertase. The C5b macromolecular cleavage product forms a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for creation of the membrane attack complex, which includes supplementary complement components.

FABP7 is a brain fatty acid binding protein. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. FABPs are are inovlved in fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism. FABP7 is expressed in radial glia by the activation of Notch receptors and binds DHA with the highest affinity among all of FABPs. FABP7 plays an important role in transport of hydrophobic ligand with potential morphogenic activity during cns development. FABP7 is required for the establishment of the radial glial fiber system in developing brain, a system that is necessary for the migration of immature neurons to establish cortical layers (by similarity).

Cadherin-5 (CDH5) belongs to the atypical/type 2 subgroup of Cadherin homophilic adhesion proteins. Cadherin-5 is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule, which is comprised of 5 extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Cadherin-5 protein plays a role in the formation, maturation and remodeling of the vascular wall. CDH5 is generally considered to be specific for vascular endothelia in which it is either the sole or the predominant cadherin, often co-existing with N-cadherin. Moreover, the CDH5 protein regulates or is regulated by VEGF R2, type 1 and type 2 TGF-beta receptors, and other endothelial junction proteins such as JAM-C, Claudin-5, and N-Cadherin. CDH5 also connects with alpha-catenin forming a link to the cytoskeleton. CDH5 functions jointly with KRIT1 to create and maintain correct endothelial cell polarity and vascular lumen. Furthermore, Cadherin-5 is essential for activation of PRKCZ and for the localization of phosphorylated PRKCZ, PARD3, TIAM1 and RAP1B to the cell junction. The CDH5 gene is located in a gene cluster in a region on the long arm of chromosome 16 which is involved in loss of heterozygosity events in breast and prostate cancer.

Avidin is a tetrameric protein of 4 identical subunits (homotetramer) each of which can bind to biotin with a high degree of affinity and specificity. Avidin molecular weight in its tetrameric form is estimated to be between 66-69 kDa. Avidin is produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and is subsequently deposited in the whites of their eggs. In the chicken egg white, avidin makes up roughly 0.05% of total protein (approximately 1.8 mg per egg). 10% of Avidin’s molecular weight is ascribed to carbohydrate content which is composed of four to five mannose and three N-acetylglucosamine residues. Avidin has at least three distinctive oligosaccharide structural type which are similar in structure and composition. The dissociation constant (KD) of avidin is approximately 10-15M, making it one of the strongest known non-covalent bonds.

HD Domain Containing 2, also known as HDDC2 is a member of the HDDC2 family. HDDC2 is an enzyme which contains one HD domain and it is expected to exhibit phosphohydrolase activity. It has been proposed that HDDC2 takes part in nucleic acid metabolism, signal transduction and possibly other functions in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The HD domain consists of highly conserved residues, in particular histidines or aspartates. Porphyria cutanea tarda, Parkinson’s disease and Stickler syndrome have all been related with HDDC2.

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, with NADPH as electron donor that can be converted to the kinds of tetrahydrofolate cofactors applied in 1-carbon transfer chemistry. DHFR converts dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, which is a methyl group shuttle required for the de novo synthesis of purines, thymidylic acid, and specific amino acids. Even though the functional DHFR gene is mapped to chromosome 5, numerous intronless processed pseudogenes or dihydrofolate reductase-like genes are identified on separate chromosomes.
DHFR deficiency is associated with megaloblastic anemia.
DHFR knockdown plays a role in the anticancer activity of 2-hydroxyoleic acid.
DHFR gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is linked to variation in serum and red blood cell folate concentrations in women.

Enoyl-CoA Delta Isomerase 1 (ECI1) is a main mitochondrial enzyme which takes part in beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. ECI1 is a member of the hydratase/isomerase superfamily. ECI1 catalyzes the transformation of 3-cis and 3-trans-enoyl-CoA esters to the 2-trans-enoylCoA intermediates.

PRND is a membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein which exists mainly in testis. PRND is expressed during embryogenesis, although in the central nervous system it is expressed minimally .Mutations in PRND may cause neurological disorders. PRND located on chromosome 20, about 20 kbp downstream of the gene encoding cellular prion protein, to which it is biochemically and structurally analogous.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

The recombinant Protein L is genetically engineered protein and holds 5 IgG-binding regions of protein L and it has the exclusive capability to bind through kappa light chain interactions without interfering with the antibody’s antigen-binding site. Cell wall binding region, cell membrane binding region and albumin binding region were removed to ensure the highest specific IgG binding. The recombinant Protein L is perfect for purification of polyclonal or monoclonal IgG antibodies and it binds to human, mouse, rat and pig IgG.

ApoA5 is an important regulator of serum triglyceride concentrations. An ApoA5 mouse nock-out model produced an approximately four fold increase in serum triglycerides, whereas a knock-in model human ApoA5 produced 50-70% lower concentrations of mouse serum triglycerides. Furthermore, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptoragonists, which are used clinically to lower serum triglyceride concentrations, cause increased ApoA5 mRNA expression. There is very little known about ApoA5 protein in human serum. Lately, it was established that ApoA5 is present in the human serum and it can be detected by polyclonal antibodies against both the HN2 and COOH termini, but at much lower concentration than other apolipoproteins.

Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 (C19ORF80) is a significant new regulator of lipid metabolism which regulates serum triglyceride levels, possibly by promoting ANGPTL3 cleavage. C19ORF80 belongs to the ANGPTL protein family. C19ORF80 is a hormone which specifically promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation and beta cell mass expansion, thus improving glucose tolerance. C19ORF80 is mainly expressed in the liver; it is also expressed in adipose tissues. C19ORF80 is expressed in response to food intake.

LDHB is part of the lactate dehydrogenase family. LDHB is an oxidoreductase which catalyses the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. LDHB catalyzes the oxidation of hydroxybutyrate, and frequently called Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase (HBD). The LDH family consists of three members, LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C. LDHs function as powerful markers for germ cell tumors.

Cell Death-Inducing DFFA-Like Effector C (CIDEC) belongs to the cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector family, whose members have significant roles in apoptosis. CIDEC is expressed mainly in adipocytes, intestine, heart, stomach, and weakly in the brain, kidney and liver. CIDEC overexpression in preadipocytes induces apoptosis. CIDEC regulates enlargement of lipid droplets.

MAPT is a neuronal microtubule associated protein localized mostly on axons.
MAPT promotes tubulin polymerisation and stabilizes microtubules, however it also serves to connect certain signalling pathways to the cytoskeleton. MAPT, in its hyperphosphorylated form, is the main part of paired helical filaments (PHF) and neurofibrillary lesions in Alzheimer''s disease (AD) brain.

The fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF, ANGPTL4, PGAR, HFARP) was identified as an adipocytokine up-regulated by fasting, by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, and by hypoxia. At the protein level, in human and mouse blood plasma, FIAF was found to be present both as a native protein and in a truncated form. Differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes was associated with the production of truncated FIAF, whereas in human white adipose tissue and SGBS adipocytes, only the native FIAF could be detected. Interestingly, the truncated FIAF was produced by human liver.
Experimental data suggest that FIAF is mainly presented in human blood plasma in a truncated form (FIAF-S2), whose level is increased by fenofibrate treatment. Levels of both truncated and native FIAF showed marked inter individual variation but were not associated with body mass index and were not influenced by prolonged semistarvation.