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Myxovirus Resistance 1, also known as MX1 is a guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-metabolizing protein which takes part in the cellular antiviral response. MX1 is induced by type I and type II IFN, and also antagonizes the replication process of some different RNA & DNA viruses. In addition, there is a related gene located adjacent to MX1 on chromosome 21, and there are multiple pseudogenes positioned in a cluster on chromosome 4.

MX2 is a member of 2 protein families: the dynamin family and the large GTPases family. MX2 has a cytoplasmic and nuclear structure which is found in a granular pattern in the heterochromatin region under the nuclear envelope. The nuclear form has a NLS (nuclear localization signal) at the amino terminal end however it is missing in the cytoplasmic form as a result of the use of a different translation start codon. MX2 is upregulated by IFN-a, but unlike myxovirus resistance protein 1 has no antiviral activity.

Myxoma Resistance Protein 1 (MX1) is a member of the dynamin family and contains 1 GED domain. MX1 is an Interferon-induced dynamin-like GTPase with antiviral activity against rabies virus (RABV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and murine pneumonia virus (MPV). MX1 is ubiquitously expressed. MX1 is induced by type I and type III interferons.

Human norovirus is classified into two groups, group 1& group 2. Norwalk virus is the species which belongs to group 1 and was discovered in 1968 at Ohio. Norovirus is a familiar virus which causes human gastroenteritis with the following symptoms vomiting, diarrhea and sickness. CDC report revealed that there are 19-21 million Americans infected by Nororvirus annually with 800 deaths, 1 in 15 people with infection. Around the world, this virus affects about 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these losses are mostly in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immuno-suppressed population, though, most cases are self-limited with a full recovery within just a few days. Norovirus is extremely contagious and can spread from human to human through infected food, water or contaminated surfaces. The outbreaks usually occur from November-April, while the peak is in January. Norovirus is a positive sense RNA virus with 7.5 kb nucleotides, encoding a major structural protein VP1 with 50-55kDa. The full length of VP1 capsid comprises the internal N-terminal, Hinge, shell (S) and protruding (P) domains. P domain from 225 to 520 forms P1- P2-P1 structure. Moreover, P domain has a receptor binding region which recognizes human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). P domain expressed in bacteria can spontaneously form a P dime as well as a P particle aggregated by 12 P dimmers. P particle displays an increased binding activity to HBGAs higher than virus-like particle (VLP) formed by the full-length capsid. For norovirus vaccine development, we consider P domain as a good candidate.

ReoVirus belongs to the RNA virus family of Reoviridae. The virions of reoviruses lack an outer envelope and show spheroidal. They measure approximately 70 nanometres and have two icosahedral capsids. Reoviruses enclose a core of segmented, double-stranded RNA virus and are a non-pathogenic naturally occurring virus. Approximately 100% of the population demonstrate signs of a previous reovirus infection, normally confined to the gastrointestinal or respiratory systems in the body. Reovirus particularly targets cells with a highly activated Ras signaling pathway and hence is a potent cancer killer.

Human norovirus is classified into two groups, group 1& group 2. Norwalk virus is the species which belongs to group 1 and was discovered in 1968 at Ohio. Norovirus is a familiar virus which causes human gastroenteritis with the following symptoms vomiting, diarrhea and sickness. CDC report revealed that there are 19-21 million Americans infected by Nororvirus annually with 800 deaths, 1 in 15 people with infection. Around the world, this virus affects about 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these losses are mostly in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immuno-suppressed population, though, most cases are self-limited with a full recovery within just a few days. Norovirus is extremely contagious and can spread from human to human through infected food, water or contaminated surfaces. The outbreaks usually occur from November-April, while the peak is in January. Norovirus is a positive sense RNA virus with 7.5 kb nucleotides, encoding a major structural protein VP1 with 50-55kDa. The full length of VP1 capsid comprises the internal N-terminal, Hinge, shell (S) and protruding (P) domains. P domain from 225 to 520 forms P1- P2-P1 structure. Moreover, P domain has a receptor binding region which recognizes human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). P domain expressed in bacteria can spontaneously form a P dime as well as a P particle aggregated by 12 P dimmers. P particle displays an increased binding activity to HBGAs higher than virus-like particle (VLP) formed by the full-length capsid. For norovirus vaccine development, we consider P domain as a good candidate.

Inositol oxygenase is a non-heme di-iron enzyme which oxidizes myo-inositol to glucuronic acid. In addition, inositol oxygenase oxidizes the less abundant chiro isomer of inositol. MIOX enzyme is a component of the only known pathway for the catabolism of inositol in humans. MIOX is expressed mostly in the kidneys. Reduction of Inositol Oxygenase and accumulation of polyols, such as inositol and xylitol, have been implicated as contributing factors in complications linked with diabetes.

Human norovirus is classified into two groups, group 1& group 2. Norwalk virus is the species which belongs to group 1 and was discovered in 1968 at Ohio. Norovirus is a familiar virus which causes human gastroenteritis with the following symptoms vomiting, diarrhea and sickness. CDC report revealed that there are 19-21 million Americans infected by Nororvirus annually with 800 deaths, 1 in 15 people with infection. Around the world, this virus affects about 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these losses are mostly in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immuno-suppressed population, though, most cases are self-limited with a full recovery within just a few days.Norovirus is extremely contagious and can spread from human to human through infected food, water or contaminated surfaces. The outbreaks usually occur from November-April, while the peak is in January. Norovirus is a positive sense RNA virus with 7.5 kb nucleotides, encoding a major structural protein VP1 with 50-55kDa. The full length of VP1 capsid comprises the internal N-terminal, Hinge, shell (S) and protruding (P) domains. P domain from 225 to 520 forms P1- P2-P1 structure. Moreover, P domain has a receptor binding region which recognizes human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). P domain expressed in bacteria can spontaneously form a P dime as well as a P particle aggregated by 12 P dimmers. P particle displays an increased binding activity to HBGAs higher than virus-like particle (VLP) formed by the full-length capsid. For norovirus vaccine development, we consider P domain as a good candidate.

Human norovirus is classified into two groups, group 1& group 2. Norwalk virus is the species which belongs to group 1 and was discovered in 1968 at Ohio. Norovirus is a familiar virus which causes human gastroenteritis with the following symptoms vomiting, diarrhea and sickness. CDC report revealed that there are 19-21 million Americans infected by Nororvirus annually with 800 deaths, 1 in 15 people with infection. Around the world, this virus affects about 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these losses are mostly in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immuno-suppressed population, though, most cases are self-limited with a full recovery within just a few days. Norovirus is extremely contagious and can spread from human to human through infected food, water or contaminated surfaces. The outbreaks usually occur from November-April, while the peak is in January. Norovirus is a positive sense RNA virus with 7.5 kb nucleotides, encoding a major structural protein VP1 with 50-55kDa. The full length of VP1 capsid comprises the internal N-terminal, Hinge, shell (S) and protruding (P) domains. P domain from 225 to 520 forms P1- P2-P1 structure. Moreover, P domain has a receptor binding region which recognizes human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). P domain expressed in bacteria can spontaneously form a P dime as well as a P particle aggregated by 12 P dimmers. P particle displays an increased binding activity to HBGAs higher than virus-like particle (VLP) formed by the full-length capsid. For norovirus vaccine development, we consider P domain as a good candidate.

Yellow fever virus is a part of Flaviviridaeis virus family. Yellow Fever Virusis a 40–50nm enveloped RNA virus, transmitted by mosquitoe. Recombinant yellow fever virus protein is derived from its envelope domain III.

Mycoplasma pneumonia is part of the atypical pneumonia subtype which is caused by the bacteria M. pneumoniae. Mycoplasma pneumonia affects individuals younger than 40. It makes up 15 - 50% of all pneumonia cases in adults and especially in school-aged children. People at great risk for mycoplasma pneumonia comprise of those living or working in busy areas such as schools and homeless shelters, although many people who contract mycoplasma pneumonia have no identifiable risk factor. P1, P30, and P116 of mycoplasma pneumonia membrane proteins have been recognized as adhensive factors, P1 is considered as a main adhension protein of the organism colonization.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes African swine fever (ASF), a disease of swine characterized by high morbidity and mortality. ASFV is a large DNA virus which belongs to Asfarviridae family. ASFV’s multilayered virion consists from up to 54 polypeptides while p30 is one of the early viral proteins. ASFV P30 is encoded by the CP204L gene and is one of the most antigenic structural proteinsi nvolved in ASFV entry.

Astroviruses are the main cause of gastroenteritis in children and elderly adults. Astroviruses are associated with 5–9% of cases of gastroenteritis in young children. The virus is found in faecal matter and in epithelial intestinal cells. Astrovirus’s main transmission is by contaminated food or water.

The B19 virus, usually referred to as parvovirus B19 or sometimes as erythrovirus B19, belongs to the family of parvoviruses, genus erythrovirus. B19 virus causes a childhood rash named “fifth disease” or “erythema infectiosum” which is ordinarily known as “slapped cheek syndrome”. Erythroviruses are members of the Parvoviridae family of small DNA viruses. The B19 virus is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus which contains a single-stranded linear DNA genome. Parvovirus B19 is classified as erythrovirus because of its capability to invade red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. This virus is mainly spread by infected respiratory droplets; though, blood-borne transmission has also been reported.

Noroviruses are categorized into two groups - group 1 and group 2. Norovirus is a widespread virus which can cause human gastroenteritis, an illness characterized with symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and sickness. In America there are about 20 million causes of infection by Nororvirus, 800 ending in deaths. Worldwide, this virus infects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths per year. Even though having norovirus is unpleasant, it is seldom dangerous and typically ends in full recovery after few days. The cases resulting in deaths are primarily very young, elderly and immuno-suppressed individuals and people from less developed countries. Norovirus is extremely contagious and is spread from person to person, by infected food or water or polluted surfaces. Outbreaks usually happen from November to April, peaking in January.

Noroviruses are categorized into two groups - group 1 and group 2. Norovirus is a widespread virus which can cause human gastroenteritis, an illness characterized with symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and sickness. In America there are about 20 million causes of infection by Nororvirus, 800 ending in deaths. Worldwide, this virus infects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths per year. Even though having norovirus is unpleasant, it is seldom dangerous and typically ends in full recovery after few days. The cases resulting in deaths are primarily very young, elderly and immuno-suppressed individuals and people from less developed countries. Norovirus is extremely contagious and is spread from person to person, by infected food or water or polluted surfaces. Outbreaks usually happen from November to April, peaking in January.

The B19 virus, usually referred to as parvovirus B19 or sometimes as erythrovirus B19, belongs to the family of parvoviruses, genus erythrovirus. B19 virus causes a childhood rash named “fifth disease” or “erythema infectiosum” which is ordinarily known as “slapped cheek syndrome”. Erythroviruses are members of the Parvoviridae family of small DNA viruses. The B19 virus is a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus which contains a single-stranded linear DNA genome. Parvovirus B19 is classified as erythrovirus because of its capability to invade red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. This virus is mainly spread by infected respiratory droplets; though, blood-borne transmission has also been reported.

Ureaplasma urealyticum parvum is a pathogenic mycoplasma localized in genito-urinary tracts, Ureaplasma urealyticum parvum is one of the smallest free living organisms and the only organism expressing human immuno-globulin A1 protease to decompose human protective antibody. Ureaplasma parvum is realted with various diseases, causing male urethritis, pyelonephritis, chorioamnionitis, pelvic inflammation, infertility via placental inflammation and abnormal outcomes during the early infection of pregnancy via amniotic sac, other diseases include supperative arthritis, surgical infections, neonatal meningitis and neonatal disease. Lower respiratory infection is also very common for preterm infants and low birth weight baby. Which usually lead to bronco pulmonary dysplasia and congenital pneumonia, meningitis, and even death. MB antigen is considered as a major antigen of Ureaplasma parvum, it is preent in different clinical isolates.

H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteinson the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin(H) and neuraminidase(N). H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. H3N2 strain descended from H2N2by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes re-assorted to form a new virus. Both the H2N2and H3N2 strains contained genesfrom avian influenzaviruses.

VZV is closely related to the herpes simplex viruses(HSV), sharing much genomehomology. The known envelope glycoproteins (gB, gC, gE, gH, gI, gK, gL) correspond with those in HSV, however there is no equivalent of HSV gD. VZV virons are spherical and 150-200 nm in diameter. Their lipidenvelope encloses the nucleocapsid of 162 capsomeres arranged in a hexagonalform. Its DNAis a single, linear, double-stranded molecule, 125,000 nt long. The virus is very susceptible to disinfectants, notably sodium hypochlorite. Within the body it can be treated by a number of drugs and therapeutic agents including aciclovir, zoster-immune globulin(ZIG), and vidarabine.