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Cardiotrophin-Like Cytokine Factor 1 Human Recombinant: A Significant Player in Neuronal Development and Immune Regulation

Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) has emerged as a crucial player in neuronal development and immune regulation. As a heterodimeric neurotropic cytokine, CLCF1 in complex with cytokine-like factor-1 (CLF-1) has demonstrated vital roles in neuronal development. Studies show that mice lacking this heterodimer exhibit reduced motor neurons and die shortly after birth due to suckling defects. In humans, mutations in the genes encoding for CLCF1 and CLF-1 manifest as Sohar-Crisponi or cold-induced sweating syndrome, with individuals at high risk of early death​1​.

CLCF1 also exhibits a significant role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, particularly skewing towards myeloid cell differentiation. It has been demonstrated that in mice, CLCF1 promotes B-cell expansion, enhances humoral responses, and triggers autoimmunity. Further, CLCF1 administration resulted in an increase in circulating myeloid cells, along with augmented hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These findings underscore CLCF1's crucial role in modulating the immune system, particularly in the context of bonemarrow transplants and recovery following sub-lethal irradiation​2​.

Interestingly, CLCF1 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, known for their significant roles in immune regulation and stem cell biology. Like other family members, CLCF1 is secreted as a composite cytokine with CRLF1 and signals through the heterodimerization of the signaling chains LIFRβ and gp130. This suggests overlapping functions with leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF), another IL-6 family member. Expression of CLCF1 is documented in lymph nodes, spleen, and circulating lymphocytes, further establishing its role in immune modulation. However, the comprehensive implications of CLCF1 in immune regulation and hematopoiesis remain an active area of investigation​3​.

In summary, Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 human recombinant represents a promising area of research with potential therapeutic implications in neurodevelopmental disorders and immune regulation.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of CLCF Protein?
CLCF Protein has a total Mw of 24.6kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CLCF Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CLCF Protein?
CLCF Protein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CLCF Protein?
The biological functionality of CLCF Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of CLCF Protein?
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MLNRTGDPGP GPSIQKTYDL TRYLEHQLRS LAGTYLNYLG PPFNEPDFNP PRLGAETLPR ATVDLEVWRS LNDKLRLTQN YEAYSHLLCY LRGLNRQAAT AELRRSLAHF CTSLQGLLGS IAGVMAALGY PLPQPLPGTE PTWTPGPAHS DFLQKMDDFW LLKELQTWLW RSAKDFNRLK KKMQPPAAAV TLHLGAHGF.

What applications can CLCF Protein be used in?
CLCF Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CLCF Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CLCF Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniqu

TGFB3 (207 a.a.) Human

About TGFB3 (207 a.a.) Human:

Transforming growth factor beta-3 (also known as TGF-β3) is a cytokine encoded by the TGFB3 gene that belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. It plays a significant role in cell differentiation, embryogenesis, and development by regulating molecules involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix formation. TGF-β3 is necessary for palate development, as its absence causes clefting. In addition, it controls lung development and wound healing processes by regulating cell adhesion and movement in the respective tissues. Together, TGF-β3 coordinates a variety of cellular processes that are critical for mammalian embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. In this article we will explore the features and applications of TGFB3 Human Recombinant Protein, expanding on its significance in in advanced research pursuits.

Description:

TGFB3 Human Recombinant protein encodes amino acids 644-850 and total molecular mass of 50 kDa (Including GST Tag). As TGFB3 Human derives from Escherichia Coli, it appears as a sterile filtered clear solution and is formulated as 100µl of purified human TGF Beta 3 protein at 100µg/ml. In addition, its protein is formulated in a solution comprising 50mM Tris-Acetate (pH 7.5), 1mM EDTA, and 20% Glycerol. In terms of stability, TGF-beta 3 Human Recombinant is stable at 4°C for up to a week. However, it is preferable to store at -20°C. However, if you are looking to store it for a long term it is preferable to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).

Activation:

While TGF-β plays a crucial role regulating essential cell functions, its activation pathways is still being explored and understood. Some pathways are specific to certain cells or tissues, while others are more widespread. Factors like proteases, integrins, pH, and reactive oxygen species can activate TGF-β. Disruptions in these factors can lead to uncontrolled TGF-β signaling, causing issues like inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

Applications and Usage:

TGFB3 (207 a.a.) Human is intended for laboratory research, serving as an important tool in stem cell differentiation as well as T-cell regulation and differentiation. Accordingly, its versatility extends to applications such as ELISA, Western Blotting, and Inhibition Assays, offering different avenues for discovery and research.

Safety Information:

TGFB3 (207 a.a.) Human is intended for use only in laboratory research, in accordance with safety guidelines. It emphasizes adherence to ethical and regulatory norms and is not intended for use as household chemicals, pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, or food additives.

IGF stands for INS like growth factors, which are proteins that have a high similarity to INS. They are part of a complicated process that uses cells to communication with the physiologic environment around them. IGF’s complex system is often called the ‘axis’. This consists of:
● Two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R)
● Two ligands (IGF-1 and IGF-2)
● A family of six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins.
● Proteases.

The Effect IGF Has On The Body
Many unique tissue types express the IGF-1 receptor, and the effects can vary. It induces the survival of neurons, may catalyse skeletal muscle hypertrophy by inducing protein synthesis, and by blocking muscle atrophy. It works as a protector for cartilage cells, and may work to be an anabolic factor for the bones. When used in high concentrations, it can activate the INS receptor, and can even complement the effects that INS has on the body.

Diseases And IGF
Diseases and IGF are closely related, and a number of them can be affected. The INS IGF axis is thought to have an effect on aging, with an increased life span shown in fruit flies when used in studies.
It is also important to note the crucial role that IGF plays in cancer and diabetes - IGF- 1 has been shown to stimulate growth in both prostate and breast cancer cells. The degree of risk that IGF-1 poses is up for debate, and many scientists are not in agreement. IGF has also shown to have the ability to decrease blood glucose levels, although not quite as effective as INS.

How Was IGF Discovered?
Investigators began studying the effects of biological substances on cells and tissues outside the body when IGFs were discovered. The name is self explanatory in the fact that IGF performs INS actions in some tissues, but is less potent than INS at decreasing blood sugar. Its fundamental action is to stimulate growth, whether that be within the epidermal growth factor or the nerve growth factor.

What’s The Difference Between IGF-1 And IGF-2?
The two types of IGF are IGF-1 and IGF-2. Although the names are similar, the specific actions that they take are different - they bind and activate completely difference receptors. The major actor in them both is the effect that they have on cell growth. Most of the actions of the pituitary GH are mediated by IGFs, but predominantly IGF-1. GH works to stimulate many tissues within the body, especially the liver which then secretes IGF-1. This then causes hypertrophy, or in layman's terms, an increase in cell size, as well as hyperplasia which is an increase in the number of cells.
The IGF-1 concentration will increase during childhood and hit peak during puberty, but will then decrease afterwards, as does the hormone secretion itself. It has been proven that children and adults with a deficiency of the GH have low serum IGF-1 concentrations when put in comparison with others in the same age range. Patients who have conditions like acromegaly have been shown to have increased serum IGF-1 concentrations. The production of IGF-2 is less dependent on the secretion of GH than IGF-1, and is much less important for stimulating linear growth.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of FGF12 Protein?
FGF12 Protein has a total Mw of 22.6kDa.

What is the source or expression system of FGF12 Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of FGF12 Protein?
FGF12 Protein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of FGF12 Protein?
The biological functionality of FGF12 Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of FGF12 Protein?
MSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MESKEPQLKG IVTRLFSQQG YFLQMHPDGT IDGTKDENSD YTLFNLIPVG LRVVAIQGVK ASLYVAMNGE YLYSSDVFT PECKFKESVF ENYYVIYSST LYRQQESGRA WFLGLNKEGQ IMKGNRVKKT KPSSHFVPKP IEVCMYREQS LHEIGEKQGR RKSSGTPTM NGGKVVNQDS T.

What applications can FGF12 Protein be used in?
FGF12 Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for FGF12 Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, FGF12 Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and cell survival. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, but can also be secreted by other immune cells, such as T cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. TNF-α is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including the defense against infections, the development of autoimmune diseases, and the progression of cancer.

TNF-α exerts its effects by binding to two distinct cell surface receptors, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Upon binding to its receptors, TNF-α activates multiple signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the apoptotic pathway. These signaling pathways regulate various cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

In the context of infections, TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens. It promotes the recruitment and activation of immune cells, enhances the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulates the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, facilitating the migration of immune cells to the site of infection. TNF-α also helps to induce fever, which is an important component of the body's immune response to infections.

However, excessive or prolonged production of TNF-α can contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. In these conditions, elevated levels of TNF-α promote the infiltration of immune cells into the affected tissues, leading to tissue damage and the perpetuation of inflammation. The central role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of these diseases has led to the development of anti-TNF-α therapies, which have revolutionized the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. These therapies include monoclonal antibodies, such as infliximab and adalimumab, and soluble TNF receptor fusion proteins, such as etanercept. Anti-TNF-α therapies have been shown to be effective in reducing inflammation, improving symptoms, and slowing disease progression in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

In the context of cancer, TNF-α has complex and context-dependent effects on tumor development and progression. On one hand, TNF-α can promote anti-tumor immunity by activating immune cells and stimulating the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, chronic inflammation driven by TNF-α can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, the role of TNF-α in cancer is still an area of active research, and the development of TNF-α-targeted therapies for cancer remains a challenge.

In conclusion, TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and cell survival. Its involvement in various physiological and pathological processes has made it an important target for the development of therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Anti-TNF-α therapies have revolutionized the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, but the complex role of TNF-α in cancer remains an area of ongoing research. Understanding the precise mechanisms by which TNF-α contributes to disease pathogenesis will be crucial for the development of more effective and targeted therapies.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of FGF21 MOUSE Protein?
FGF21 MOUSE Protein has a total Mw of 20.1kDa.

What is the source or expression system of FGF21 MOUSE Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of FGF21 MOUSE Protein?
FGF21 MOUSE Protein is >95% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of FGF21 MOUSE Protein?
The biological functionality of FGF21 MOUSE Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of FGF21 MOUSE Protein?
MAY PIPDSSPLLQ FGGQVRQRYL YTDDDQDTEA HLEIREDGTV VGAAHRSPES LLELKALKPG VIQILGVKAS RFLCQQPDGA LYGSPHFDPE ACSFRELLLE DGYNVYQSEA HGLPLRLPQK DSPNQDATSW GPVRFLPMPG LLHEPQDQAG FLPPEPPDVG SSDPLSMVEP LQGRSPSYAS.

What applications can FGF21 MOUSE Protein be used in?
FGF21 MOUSE Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for FGF21 MOUSE Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, FGF21 MOUSE Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.