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STC2 is a homodimeric glycoprotein that is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and may have autocrine or paracrine functions. The encoded protein has 10 of its 15 cysteine residues conserved among stanniocalcin family members and is phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 exclusively on its serine residues. Its C-terminus contains a cluster of histidine residues which may interact with metal ions. The protein may play a role in the regulation of renal and intestinal calcium and phosphate transport, cell metabolism, or cellular calcium/phosphate homeostasis. Constitutive over expression of human stanniocalcin 2 in mice resulted in pre- and postnatal growth restriction, reduced bone and skeletal muscle growth, and organomegaly. Expression of this gene is induced by estrogen and altered in some breast cancers.

Leptin Receptor is a part of the gp130 family of cytokine receptors that stimulate gene transcription by activating cytosolic STAT proteins. Leptin Receptor plays a role in the regulation of fat metabolism and in novel hematopoietic pathway that is obligatory for normal lymphopoiesis. Leptin Receptorparticipates in the regulation of counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia by inhibiting neurons of the parabrachial nucleus.Leptin Receptoraffectsspecifically on T lymphocyte responses.

Leucine Rich Repeat And Ig Domain Containing 1, also known as Lingo1 is primarily expressed in neuronal tissue, and most abundantly in the cortex. In addition, Lingo 1 is involved in the inhibition of axon regeneration all the way through a ternary complex formed with NgR1 (ligand-binding subunit) and p75 (signal transducing subunit). The inhibitory action is accomplished through RhoA-GTP upregulation in response to the presence of MOG, MAG or Nogo-66 in the central nervous system. Furthermore, LINGO-1 inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation as well as myelination, by a mechanism which also involves activation of RhoA, however it appears that it does not require 75 or NgR1.

CIB2 is a member of the calcium and integrin-binding family.CIB2 is possibly a Ca2+-binding regulatory protein which interacts with DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). In the skeletal muscle, CIB2 co-localizes with the integrin alpha7B subunit at the sarcolemma and at the neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions. CIB2 is closely related to CIB1.

RAB24 is a member of the small GTPase superfamily which regulates intracellular protein transferring, nonetheless the specific role of RAB24 has not yet been revealed. RAB24 is distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum/cis-Golgi region and on late endosomal structures which suggests connection to autophagy-related courses. RAB24 demonstrates uncommon characteristics such as low intrinsic GTPase activity, and is incompetently prenylated when compared with other Rab proteins indicates that RAB24 has a distinctive part in the degradation of misfolded cellular proteins or trafficking of proteins to the nuclear envelope.

RAET1E is a member of the MHC class I family. MHC class I family contains main histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related genes positioned in a cluster on chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3. RAET1E and RAET1G protein are different from other RAET1 proteins since they have type I membrane-spanning sequences at their C termini instead glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor sequences.RAET1E acts as a ligand for NKG2D receptor, expressed on the surface of numerous types of immune cells, involves in innate adaptive immune reactions.RAET1E delivers signals to NK cells and advances tumor immune surveillance by inducing the growth of anti-tumor cytotoxic lymphocyte.

SORBS3 is an SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein. The existence of SH3 domains in the SORBS3 protein have a role in its capability to attach to other cytoplasmic molecules and contribute to cystoskeletal organization, cell adhesion and migration, signaling, and gene expression. Various transcript variants encoding different isoforms are known for this gene.

KLRB1 has an inhibitory role on natural killer (NK) cells cytotoxicity which are lymphocytes who facilitate cytotoxicity and secrete cytokines subsequent to immune stimulation. Some genes of the C-type lectin superfamily, like the rodent NKRP1 family of glycoproteins, are expressed by NK cells and take part in NK cell function regulation. KLRB1 holds an extracellular domain with a few characteristic motifs of C-type lectins, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. Due to its external C terminus KLRB1 is considered to be a type II membrane protein.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

C-type Lectin Domain Family 1 Member B, also known as CLEC1B. NK-Natural killer cells express multiple calcium-dependent (C-type) lectin-like receptors, for instance CD94 (KLRD1; MIM 602894) and NKG2D (KLRC4; MIM 602893), which interact with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and either inhibit or else activate cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. CLEC1B is a C-type lectin-like receptor which is expressed in myeloid cells as well as in NK cells.

XCL1 is a small cytokine belongs to the XC chemokine family that is also known as lymphotactin. XCL1 is found in high levels in spleen, thymus, intestine and peripheral blood leukocytes, and at lower levels in lung, prostate gland and ovary. Cellular sources for XCL1 include activated thymic and peripheral blood CD8+ T cells. This chemokine attracts T cells. In humans, XCL1 is closely related to XCL2, whose gene is found at the same locus on chromosome 1. XCL1 induces it chemotactic function by binding to a chemokine receptor called XCR1.

SNRPC is a member of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family. The SNRPC protein component of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle required for the formation of the spliceosome. SNRPC participates in the processing of nuclear precursor messenger RNA splicing. snRNP particles are tackled by autoantibodies frequently produced by patients with connective tissue diseases.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor also called LIF is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor has several functions such as cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone & fat metabolism, mitogenesis of factor dependent cell lines & promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and mouse LIF exhibit a 78% identity in its amino acid sequence.

C-type Lectin Domain Family 2, Member B (CLEC2B) belongs to the C-type lectin/C-type lectin-like domain (CTL/CTLD) superfamily. Members of the CTL/CTLD family share a common protein fold and have various functions, such as cell adhesion, cell-cell signaling, glycoprotein turnover, and roles in inflammation and immune response. The CLEC2B gene is closely connected to other CTL/CTLD superfamily members on chromosome 12p13 in the natural killer gene complex region. CLEC2B is expressed preferentially in lymphoid tissues, and in most hematopoietic cell types.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC) is required for iron delivery from transferring to cells. The TFRC protein is a transmembrane glycoprotein comprised of 2 disulfide-linked monomers joined by 2 disulfide bonds. Each monomer will bind one holo-transferrin molecule producing an iron-Tf-TfR complex which enters the cell by endocytosis.

Leucine Rich Repeats And Immunoglobulin Like Domains 1 or LRIG1 is a protein, acting as is a pan-negative regulator of EGFR signal transduction. When studied along with ErbB proteins and Met kinase, LRIG1 was found to have regulation activities such as ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation increment of the receptors. Therefore, LRIG1 acts as a suppressor for tumors via cell proliferation control via negative regulation of tyrosine kinase receptors that belongs to the EGF protein family. LRIG1 expression is downregulated in cancer, and acts a prognostic tool for cancer development.

RPL23A is a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 60S subunit. Ribosomes, the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally different proteins. RPL23A is a member of the L23P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. Recombinant Human Ribosomal Protein L23A may be one of the target molecules involved in mediating growth inhibition. The corresponding protein binds to a specific site on the 26S rRNA in yeast.

Crystallin, Mu (CRYM) is a taxon-specific crystallin protein which binds NADPH and has sequence similarity to bacterial ornithine cyclodeaminases. CRYM doesn’t perform a structural role in lens tissue; instead CRYM binds thyroid hormone for possible regulatory or developmental roles. CRYM gene mutations are linked with autosomal dominant non-syndromic deafness. CRYM specifically catalyzes the reduction of imine bonds in brain substrates which may include cystathionine ketamine and lanthionine ketamine.

ADP-ribosylation factor 3 (ARF3) belongs to the human ARF gene family. This family encodes small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins which stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and have a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. ARF3 functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. ARF3 is involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus. The ARF3 gene is comprised of 5 exons and 4 introns.

Inhibitor of DNA Binding 2 (ID2) is a part of the inhibitor of DNA binding family, whose members are transcriptional regulators that contain a helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain but not a basic domain. Members of the ID family inhibit the functions of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in a dominant-negative way by suppressing their heterodimerization partners through the HLH domains. ID2 play a role in negatively regulating cell differentiation and may be an inhibitor of tissue-specific gene expression.

Syntaxin-binding protein 6 (STXBP6) binds components of the SNARE complex and takes part in regulating SNARE complex configuration. STXBP6 forms non-fusogenic complexes with SNAP25 and STX1A and modulates the formation of SNARE complexes and exocytosis.

CCL25 (Teck) is a novel CC chemokine, which is distantly related (about 20% amino acid sequence identity) to other CC chemokines. The mouse CCL25 cDNA has also been cloned and shown to encode a 144 a.a. protein, which exhibits 49% a.a. sequence identity to the human CCL25. Human and mouse CCL25 expression was shown to be greatly restricted to the thymus and small intestine. While dendritic cells are identified as the source of CCL25 production in the thymus, dendritic cells derived from bone marrow do not express CCL25. CCL25 signals through the CCR9 receptor. Teck is possibly involved in T-cell development.
Recombinant human and mouse Teck were shown to be chemotactic for activated macrophages, dendritic cells and thymocytes. The recombinant protein demonstrates chemotactic activity on thymocytes, macrophages, THP-1 cells, and dendritic cells but is inactive on peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils.