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Retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) belongs to the lipocalin family and is the specific carrier for retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in the blood. This protein was found to be expressed and secreted by adipose tissue, and was strongly associated with insulin resistance. It delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin which prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli.
RBP4 delivers retinol from the liver to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the rbp-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, this prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli.

S100b is a member of the S100 family of proteins which are a family of EF-hand calcium binding proteins that exist mostly as dimers of the 20 currently identified individual S100 monomers. The S100B homodimer is expressed in cells of the central nervous system, glial cells and in certain peripheral cells e.g. Schwann cells, melanocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. S100 proteins are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21; however, S100b is located at 21q22.3. The determination of S100B in serum levels may be used to monitor the extent of brain injury and malignant melanoma. S100b proteins may have a role in Neurite extension, proliferation of melanoma cells, stimulation of Ca2+ fluxes, inhibition of PKC-mediated phosphorylation, astrocytosis and axonal proliferation, and inhibition of microtubule assembly. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of the S100b gene are implicated in several neurological, neoplastic, and other types of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, melanoma, and type I diabetes.

MOBKL1B is a member of the MOB1/phocein family. MOBKL1B stimulates the kinase activity of STK38 and STK38L. MOBKL1B also binds to and regulates downstream targets such as the NDR-family protein kinases and LATS1 kinase. Thus, MOBKL1B participates in cell cycle checkpoint control and tumor inhibition.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokinen family. I-TAC is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-g and IFN-b, and weakly induced by IFN-a. The I-TACchemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. I-TAC is chemotactic for activated T cells.The CXCL11 gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.

ICAM-1 also called CD54 is a single chain membrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of a variety of non-haematopoietic and haematopoietic cell types and has roles in signal transduction, cell signaling and lymphocyte adhesion. ICAM1 binds to integrins such as CD11a / CD18, or CD11b / CD18. ICAM1 is also used by Rhinovirus as a receptor. ICAM-1 is an intercellular adhesion molecule constantly present in low concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells. When stimulated by cytokine the concentrations significantly increase. ICAM-1 can be stimulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) and is expressed by the vascular endothelium, macrophages and lymphocytes. ICAM-1 is a ligand for LFA-1 which is a receptor found on leukocytes. Upon activation, leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1/LFA-1 and then transmigrate into tissues.
ICAM-1 is implicated in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Levels of ICAM-1 are shown to be notably elevated in patients with SAH.
Soluble ICAM-1 is detectable in the plasma and is elevated in patients with various inflammatory conditions.

Prohibitin 2, also known as PHB2, mediates transcriptional repression by nuclear hormone receptors via recruitment of histone deacetylases by similarity. PHB2 functions as an estrogen receptor (ER)-selective coregulator which potentiates the inhibitory activities of antiestrogens and represses the activity of estrogens. PHB2 which is involved in regulating mitochondrial respiration activity and in aging, competes with NCOA1 for modulation of ER transcriptional activity.

Latexin enzyme is a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor that is highly expressed in the heart, prostate, ovary, kidney, pancrease, brain and colon. Latexin has no noticeable sequence resemblance with plant and parasite inhibitors, however it is related to a human putative tumor suppressor protein, TIG1. Latexin is down-regulated in the presenilin-1-deficient mouse brain, thus putatively playing a role in Alzheimer's disease.

Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin 1 (214-333 a.a.), also known as LECT1, is a glycosylated transmembrane protein which is cleaved to form a mature, secreted protein. The mature protein encourages chondrocyte growth and inhibits angiogenesis. The mature protein takes part in endochondral bone development by permitting cartilaginous anlagen to be vascularized and replaced by bone. LECT1 is expressed in the avascular area of prehypertrophic cartilage and its expression reduces during vascular invasion and chondrocyte hypertrophy.

TTC32 contains 3 TPR repeats. The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) is a structural motif. TPR is observed in organized 3–16 motifs, which form scaffolds to mediate protein–protein interactions and frequently the assembly of multiprotein complexes. TPR-containing proteins include the anaphase-promoting complex subunits cdc16, cdc23 and cdc27, the NADPH oxidase subunit p67-phox, hsp90-binding immunophilins, transcription factors, the major receptor for peroxisomal matrix protein import PEX5, the PKR protein kinase inhibitor and mitochondrial import proteins.

C-type Lectin Domain Family 2, Member B (CLEC2B) belongs to the C-type lectin/C-type lectin-like domain (CTL/CTLD) superfamily. Members of the CTL/CTLD family share a common protein fold and have various functions, such as cell adhesion, cell-cell signaling, glycoprotein turnover, and roles in inflammation and immune response. The CLEC2B gene is closely connected to other CTL/CTLD superfamily members on chromosome 12p13 in the natural killer gene complex region. CLEC2B is expressed preferentially in lymphoid tissues, and in most hematopoietic cell types.

Babesiosis is a disease caused by apicomplexan parasites of the Babesia genus. The Babesia microti life cycle involves 2 hosts, which include a rodent, mainly the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and a tick in the Ixodes genus. During a blood meal, a Babesia-infected tick introduces sporozoites into the mouse host. Sporozoites pass into the erythrocytes and undergo asexual reproduction (budding). In the blood, some parasites differentiate into male and female gametes, though these cannot be distinguished by light microscopy. The definitive host is the tick. Once ingested by an proper tick, gametes unite and undergo a sporogonic cycle resulting in sporozoites. Transovarial transmission (aka vertical or hereditary transmission) has been detected for "large" Babesia species but not for the "small" Babesia, such as B. microti. Humans enter the cycle when bitten by the infected ticks. Thus during a blood meal, a Babesia-infected tick introduces sporozoites into the human host. Sporozoites then enter erythrocytes and undergo asexual replication (budding). Multiplication of the blood-stage parasites is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. Humans typically are dead-end hosts. However, human-to-human transmission is well acknowledged to occur via contaminated blood transfusions.

OTOR proteins is also known as fibrocyte-derived protein (Fdp) and Melanoma inhibitory activity-like (MIAL). Otoraplin is a member of the melanoma-inhibiting activity gene family. Otoraplin is a secreted 16 kDa globular protein that is expressed in the inner ear by periotic mesenchyme and developing and mature fibrocytes. OTOR is highly homologous to MIA/cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein (CD-RAP), which is a cartilage-specific protein that is also expressed in malignant melanoma cells. The 111 amino acid mature human otoraplin contains 1 SH3 domain (46 – 107 amino acids) and a Tyr at position 50 that is reportedly sulfated. Otoraplin takes pasrt in the initiation of periotic mesenchyme chondrogenesis.
Otoraplin is secreted through the Golgi apparatus and plays a role in cartilage development and maintenance. A frequent polymorphism in the translation start codon of OTOR can abolish translation and may be associated with forms of deafness.

Alpha-cardiac actin belongs to the actin family which is comprised of three main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta, and gamma. The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. Defects in the cardiac actin have been associated with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC).

Ras-related protein Rab-35 (RAB35) is restricted to the plasma membrane and endocytic compartments and controls a fast endocytic recycling pathway. Inhibition of Rab35 function leads to the accumulation of endocytic markers on numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles in cells that failed cytokinesis, which is consistent with a central requirement for Rab35-regulated recycling during cell division.

RHOC is a small signaling G protein/GTPase which is part of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. RHOC rotats between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and has a role as a molecular switch in signal transduction cascades. RHOC promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulates cell shape, attachment, and motility.

RHOQ (rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoQ) is a small signaling G protein which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. In the active state it binds to a diversity of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. Ras-like protein belongs to the Rac subfamily of the Rho family of GTPases. RHOQ is involved in epithelial cell polarization processes. In addition, RHOQ plays a role in CFTR trafficking to the plasma membrane. RHOQ causes the formation of thin, actin-rich surface projections called filopodia.

Receptor Transporter Protein 4 (RTP4) is a member of the TMEM7 family.

S100B faintly binds calcium but binds zinc extremely strongly-distinct binding sites with different affinities exist for both ions on each monomer. Physiological concentrations of potassium ion antagonize the binding of both divalent cations, especially affecting high-affinity calcium-binding sites. S100B binds to and initiates the activation of STK38 by releasing autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions within the kinase. Interaction with AGER after myocardial infarction participates in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling.

Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L48, also known as MRPL48, is a mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal protein which assists in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes, mitoribosomes, consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They include an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition while comparing to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed.An additional dissimilarity between mammalian mitoribosomes & prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Between different species, the proteins containing the mitoribosome differ very much in sequence, as well as in biochemical properties from time to time, which prevents easy recognition through sequence homology. MRPL48 encodes a 39S subunit protein. A pseudogene corresponding to MRPL48 is found on chromosome 6p.

Arfaptin 2 (ARFIP2) is a Rac1 binding protein essential for Rac-mediated actin polymerization and the succeeding formation of membrane ruffles and lamellipodia. ARFIP2 is a putative target protein of ADP-ribosylation factor. ARFIP2 is also involved in membrane ruffling. ARFIP2 expression is increased at sites of neurodegeneration. In addition, ARFIP2 interacts with the ADP ribosylation factor ARF6, a GTPase which associates with the plasma membrane and intracellular endosome vesicles, in a GTP dependent mode. Furthermore, Arfaptin 2 controls the aggregation of mutant Huntingtin protein by weakening proteasome function.

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 3 (ARPC3) which Belongs to the ARPC3 family is one of 7 subunits of the human Arp2/3 protein complex. The Arp2/3 complex is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. ARPC3 which is localized to the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton, interacts with p20-ARC and takes part in the structural integrity of the protein complex.

Nob1 takes part in pre-rRNA processing and cleaves in a late cytoplasmic processing step a 20S rRNA intermediate at cleavage site D to create the mature 18S rRNA. In yeast, more than 200 protein and RNA cofactors are essential for ribosome assembly, and these are mostly conserved in eukaryotes. These factors oversee alteration and cleavage of the initial 35S precursor rRNA transcript into the mature 18S, 5.8S, and 25S rRNAs, folding of the rRNA, and binding of ribosomal proteins and 5S RNA.

NTAL participates in FCER1 (high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor)-mediated signaling in mast cells. NTAL takes part in BCR (B-cell antigen receptor)-mediated signaling in B-cells and FCGR1 (high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I)-mediated signaling in myeloid cells. Couples activation of these receptors and their associated kinases with distal intracellular events through the recruitment of GRB2.