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H1N1 is a subtype specie of Influenza A virus. H1N1 Influenza Virus has mutated into various strains such as the Spanish Flustrain, mild humanflu strains, endemic pigstrains, and various strains found in birds. The Influenza A Virus is a globular particle about 100nm in diameter, sheathed in a lipid bilayer derived from the plasma membrane of its host. Studded in the lipid bilayer are two integral membrane proteins some 500 molecules of hemagglutinin ("H") and some 100 molecules of neuraminidase ("N"). Within the lipid bilayer are 3000 molecules of matrix protein and 8 pieces of RNA. Each of the 8 RNA molecules is associated with many copies of a nucleoprotein, several molecules of the three subunits of its RNA polymerase some "non-structural" protein molecules of uncertain function.

ASS1 is involved in the urea cycle, which is a sequence of chemical reactions that is localized in liver cells. The urea cycle processes excess nitrogen that is generated as the body uses proteins. The surplus nitrogen is used to create a molecule called urea, which is excreted from the body in urine.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL7) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is a protein that is released in large amounts from platelets following their activation. It stimulates various processes including mitogenesis, synthesis of extracellular matrix, glucose metabolism and synthesis of plasminogen activator.

LYVE-1 has been identified as a major receptor for HA (extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan) on the lymph vessel wall. The deduced amino acid sequence of LYVE-1 predicts a 322-residue type I integral membrane polypeptide 41% similar to the CD44 HA receptor with a 212-residue extracellular domain containing a single Link module the prototypic HA binding domain of the Link protein superfamily. Like CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule binds both soluble and immobilized HA. However, unlike CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule colocalizes with HA on the luminal face of the lymph vessel wall and is completely absent from blood vessels. Hence, LYVE-1 is the first lymph-specific HA receptor to be characterized and is a uniquely powerful marker for lymph vessels themselves.

A human infecting coronavirus (viral pneumonia) called 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV was found in the fish market at the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China on December 2019.

The 2019-nCoV shares an 87% identity to the 2 bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome 2018 SARS-CoV-2 located in Zhoushan of eastern China. 2019-nCoV has an analogous receptor-BD-structure to that of 2018 SARS-CoV, even though there is a.a. diversity so thus the 2019-nCoV might bind to ACE2 receptor protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) in humans.

While bats are possibly the host of 2019-nCoV, researchers suspect that animal from the ocean sold at the seafood market was an intermediate host. RSCU analysis proposes that the 2019-nCoV is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and an unknown coronavirus.

TLR7 belongs to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family that plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. TLR7 is principally expressed in lung, placenta, and spleen, and lies in close proximity to TLR8, on chromosome X.

H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteinson the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin(H) and neuraminidase(N). H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. H3N2 strain descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes re-assorted to form a new virus. Both the H2N2and H3N2 strains contained genesfrom avian influenzaviruses.

PDZK1 is a PDZ domain-containing scaffolding protein which facilitates localization of cell surface proteins and has a key part in cholesterol metabolism by regulating the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1. Single nucleotide polymorphism in this gene is linked to metabolic syndrome, and overexpression results in drug resistance of multiple myeloma.

A human infecting coronavirus (viral pneumonia) called 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV was found in the fish market at the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China on December 2019.

The 2019-nCoV shares an 87% identity to the 2 bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome 2018 SARS-CoV-2 located in Zhoushan of eastern China. 2019-nCoV has an analogous receptor-BD-structure to that of 2018 SARS-CoV, even though there is a.a. diversity so thus the 2019-nCoV might bind to ACE2 receptor protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) in humans.

While bats are possibly the host of 2019-nCoV, researchers suspect that animal from the ocean sold at the seafood market was an intermediate host. RSCU analysis proposes that the 2019-nCoV is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and an unknown coronavirus.

Actin is one of the most highly-conserved proteins, differing by no more than 20% in species as diverse as algae and humans .Actin or ACTA is aprotein localized in the I band of the myofibrils in the muscle, Acting together with myosin.Actin takes part in the contraction and relaxation of muscle. Actin exists as a monomer in low salt concentrations, but filaments form rapidly as salt concentration rises, with the consequent hydrolysis of ATP.Each actin protomer binds one molecule of ATP and has one high affinity site for either calcium or magnesium ions, as well as several low affinity sites. It occurs in globular (G-actin) and fibrous (F-actin) forms. Actin is found in all eukaryotic cells (except for nematode sperm). Its other activitiessuch as cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movement, cell signaling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape.

Cyclophilin B (also known as PPIB, peptidylpropyl isomerase B) is a cyclosporine-binding protein and is mainly located within the endoplasmic reticulum. It is associated with the secretory pathway and released in biological fluids. This protein can bind to cells derived from T- and B-lymphocytes, and may regulate cyclosporine A-mediated immunosuppression.

Fatty acid binding protein 9 (FABP9) belongs to the fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) which are a family of small, extremely conserved, cytoplasmic proteins to bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. FABP9 is found in midpachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids, and comprises part of the perinuclear theca. FABP9 probably links intracellular membranes and signals abnormal sperm formation during spermatogenesis.

GAS7 is mainly expressed in terminally differentiated brain cells and predominantly in mature cerebellar Purkinje neurons. GAS7 is involved in neuronal development by promoting maturation and morphological differentiation of cerebellar neurons. Inhibition of GAS7 production in terminally differentiating cultures of embryonic murine cerebellum impedes neurite outgrowth. Over-expression of GAS7 initiats the development of human osteosarcoma.

A human infecting coronavirus (viral pneumonia) called 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV was found in the fish market at the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China on December 2019.

The 2019-nCoV shares an 87% identity to the 2 bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome 2018 SARS-CoV-2 located in Zhoushan of eastern China. 2019-nCoV has an analogous receptor-BD-structure to that of 2018 SARS-CoV, even though there is a.a. diversity so thus the 2019-nCoV might bind to ACE2 receptor protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) in humans.

While bats are possibly the host of 2019-nCoV, researchers suspect that animal from the ocean sold at the seafood market was an intermediate host. RSCU analysis proposes that the 2019-nCoV is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and an unknown coronavirus.

S100A11 is a member of the S100 family of proteins which contains two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and is thought to be involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A11 may function in motility, invasion and tubulin polymerisation. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of S100A11 have been implicated in tumor metastasis.

CD8 is a cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system. CD8 acts as a co-receptor, and the T-cell receptor on the T lymphocyte recognize antigen displayed by an antigen presenting cell (APC) in the context of class I MHC molecules. The functional CD8 is either a homodimer composed of two alpha chains, or a heterodimer composed of one alpha and one beta chain. Both alpha and beta chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains.
CD8 identifies cytotoxic/suppressor t-cells that interact with MHC class I bearing targets. CD8 is thought to play a role in the process of t-cell mediated killing. CD8 alpha chains bind to class-I MHC molecules alpha-3 domains.

SARS or severe acute respiratory syndrome is a lethal kind of pneumonia generated by coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that causes a mild respiratory tract infection is a large type of creatures such as humans, pigs, cows, mice, cats etc. up to this day, the origin of the coronavirus is still unknown.

RASSF1A is a protein similar to the RAS effector proteins. Loss or altered expression of the RASSF1A gene has been linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, which suggests the tumor suppressor function of the RASSF1A gene. The inactivation of the RASSF1A gene was found to be interconnected with the hypermethylation of its CpG-island promoter region. The RASSF1A protein was found to interact with DNA repair protein XPA. RASSF1A was also shown to inhibit the accumulation of cyclin D1, and thus induce cell cycle arrest.

N-Acetylglucosamine Kinase (NAGK) is a part of the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family. NAGK transforms endogenous N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a main component of complex carbohydrates, from lysosomal degradation or nutritional sources into GlcNAc 6-phosphate. NAGK is a significant salvage enzyme of amino sugar metabolism in mammals which has ManNAc kinase activity.

ANXA1 is part of the family of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding proteins which have a Mw between 35kDa-40kDa and are situated on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. ANXA1 protein has a Mw of 40kDa, with phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity to bind from two to four calcium ions with high affinity. Since phospholipase A2 is necessary for the biosynthesis of the potent mediators of inflammation, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, ANXA1 might have potential anti-inflammatory activity. ANXA1 promotes membrane fusion and iplays a role in exocytosis. The recognition of ANXA1 protein by immunocytochemical leads a simple, highly sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.

The scaffolding protein encoded by the CAV1 gene is the key component of the caveolae plasma membranes found in most cell types. Cholesterol is vital for caveolae formation and maintenance, and caveolae structure is highly sensitive to cholesterol depletion or treatment with cholesterol binding drugs. CAV1 can tightly and specifically bind free cholesterol and artificial cholesterol containing vesicles. Caveolin 1 links integrin subunits to the tyrosine kinase FYN, which is an initiating step in coupling integrins to the Ras-ERK pathway and promoting cell cycle progression. CAV1 is a tumor suppressor gene candidate and a negative regulator of the Ras-p42/44 mitogen-activated kinase. Caveolin 1 and caveolin 2 are positioned next to each other on chromosome 7 and express co-localizing proteins which form a stable hetero-oligomeric complex cascade. Mutations in the CAV1 gene are linked to Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy.

UCHL1 (PGP9.5) belongs to a gene family whose products hydrolyze small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to produce the ubiquitin monomer. Protein Gene Product (PGP9.5) is a neuron specific protein, structurally and immunologically distinct from neuron specific enolase. Human UCHL1 and UCHL3 have an extremely complicated knot structure for a protein, with five knot crossings. It is considered that the knot structure may increase a protein''s resistance to degradation in the proteasome. The protein, which has a molecular weight of 27 kDa was first defined by high resolution two dimetional PAGE. Standard immunohistochemical techniques have demonstrated the presence of PGP9.5 in neurons and nerve fibers at all levels of the central and peripheral nervous system, in many neurodcrine cells, in segments of the renal tubules, in spermatogonia and leydig cells of the testis, in ova and in some cells of both the pregnant and non pregnant corpus luteum. A point mutation (I93M) in UCHL1 is implicat

Monkeypox virus is transmitted to humans from animalssuch as rodents and primates having similar symptoms similar of smallpox although less severe. Monkeypox is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus approximately 190 kb which is part of the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. 2monkeypox genetic clades: central African which is more transmissible& west African clade. Monkeypox virus spreadsfrom animal to human &human to humanvia animal bite or by direct body fluid contact. Incubation period lasts12 days. The MPV common ssymptoms include fever, rash, headache, swelling of lymph nodes and muscle pain,

CMV is part of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of Herpesviridae; including herpes simplex virustypes 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barrvirus. The herpesviruses has the common ability to stay latentover long periods of time. CMV has the largest genome of the herpes viruses, ranging from 230-240 kilobase pairs. CMV is a double-stranded linear DNA virus with 162 hexagonal protein capsomeres surrounded by a lipid membrane. Human CMV is composed of unique and inverted repeats that include the existence of 4 genome isomers caused by inversion of L-S genome components (class E). Replication may be divided into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. The DNA is replicated by rolling circles. In vitro, CMV replicates in human fibroblasts.