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Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 (C19ORF80) is a significant new regulator of lipid metabolism which regulates serum triglyceride levels, possibly by promoting ANGPTL3 cleavage. C19ORF80 belongs to the ANGPTL protein family. C19ORF80 is a hormone which specifically promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation and beta cell mass expansion, thus improving glucose tolerance. C19ORF80 is mainly expressed in the liver; it is also expressed in adipose tissues. C19ORF80 is expressed in response to food intake and stimulated by insulin.

GARS is an (alpha)2 dimer which is a member of the class II family of tRNA synthetases. GARS is a glycyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases which charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. GARS catalyzes the attachment of glycine to tRNA(Gly). In addition, GARS is able to produce diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), which is a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule required for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of two ATPs. GARS has been demonstrated to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis.

Ribosomal Protein L5, also known as RPL5 is a part of the ribosomal protein L18P family. RPL5 which binds 5S RNA is necessary for rRNA maturation and structure of the 60S ribosomal subunits.

Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S23, also known as MRPS23 belongs to the mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins which are encoded by nuclear genes and assist in proteinsynthesis inside the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. In addition, they have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio isreversed. An additional difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the lattercontain a 5S rRNA. Between different species, the proteins containing the mitoribosome differ very much in sequence, and occasionally in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology.

HRAS is part of the Ras oncogene family, whose members are related to the transforming genes of mammalian sarcoma retroviruses. The products encoded by these genes participate in signal transduction pathways. These proteins can bind GTP and GDP, and they have intrinsic GTPase activity. HRAS go trough a continuous cycle of de- and re-palmitoylation, which mediates its rapid exchange between the plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus. Mutations in HRAS result in Costello syndrome, a disease characterized by increased growth at the prenatal stage, growth deficiency at the postnatal stage, predisposition to tumor formation, mental retardation, skin and musculoskeletal abnormalities, distinctive facial appearance and cardiovascular abnormalities. Defects in this HRAS gene are implicated in a range of cancers, including bladder cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Translocase of Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 8 Homolog A (TIMM8A) takes part in the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial. TIMM8A plays a role as a chaperone-like protein which protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and leads them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space. TIMM8A is essential for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Defects in TIMM8A cause Jensen syndrome. TIMM8A and TIMM13, forms a 70 kDa heterohexamer.

REXO1 is an exonuclease domain-containing protein which binds to Elongin. The Elongin complex stimulates the rate of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II by suppressing the transient pausing of the polymerase at many sites along the DNA template. REXO1 is composed of 1221 amino acids and its mRNA is ubiquitously expressed. REXO1 is a putative stem cell marker and is highly expressed in embryonic and adult stem cells.

RAB5A is a member of RAS oncogene family. The small GTPase, RAB5A is a crucial regulatory component of the endocytic pathway. Activation of RAB5A is mediated by GDP-GTP exchange factors (GEFs) that generate the Rab5-GTP complex). RAB5A is required for the fusion of plasma membranes and early endosomes.

GDNF Family Receptor Alpha 3 (GFRA3) belongs to the GDNF receptor family. GFRA3 creates a signaling receptor complex with RET tyrosine kinase receptor and binds the ligand, artemin (ARTN).

YOD1 is a Hydrolase which removes conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and takes part in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. YOD1 is a highly conserved deubiquitinating enzyme belonging to the ovarian tumor (otubain) family, whose function has yet to be determined in mammalian cells. YOD1 is a component of a multiprotein complex with p97 as its nucleus, proposing a functional link to a pathway responsible for the dislocation of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. YOD1 variant xpression deprived of its deubiquitinating activity compels a halt on the dislocation reaction, as concluded by the stabilization of various dislocation substrates.

RANKL binds to tnfrsf11b/opg and to tnfrsf11a/rank. Osteoclast differentiation and activation factor. Augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naive t-cell proliferation. May be an important regulator of interactions between t-cells and dendritic cells and may play a role in the regulation of the t-cell-dependent immune response. sRANKL may also play an important role in enhanced bone-resorption in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. By injecting soluble RANKL, novel osteopenia model mice were established in only 50 hours. Degree of bone loss can be controlled by changing doses of sRANKL. RANKL can be used in establishing osteopenia model for in vivo screening of drugs for osteoporosis, determination of effect and mechanism, evaluation of bone anabolic drugs.

TXNDC12 is a member of the thioredoxin super family. This Family members have a thioredoxin fold with a consensus active-site sequence (CxxC) and take part in redox regulation, protection against oxidative stress, refolding of disulfide-containing proteins, and regulation of transcription factors.

CDHR5, also referred to ascadherin-related family member 5, is a calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein. CDHR5 is located in coated pits, and is expressed during lung and kidney developmentat at the lateral and basal surfaces of epithelia.

ARL4A is related Specifically to ARL6 and ARL7 and belongs to the ARF-like protein (ARL) subfamily of small GTPases. However, unlike ARFs, ARL4 does not activate the cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltranferase. ARL4A takes part in neurogenesis during embryonic development and somitogenesis in the early stages of adult spermatogenesis.

DUSP21 is a member of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. DUSPs inactivate their target kinases by dephosphorylating both the phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine residuesb. DUSP21 is able to dephosphorylate single and diphosphorylated synthetic MAPK peptides, favoring the phosphotyrosine and diphosphorylated forms over phosphothreonine. DUSP21 is only expressed in testis where there are dephosphorylated phosphotyrosine residues in MAPK peptides.

Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 54, also known as C10ORF54 is part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Like a transmembrane molecule, C10ORF54 is expressed in the bone on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and on tumor cell surface as well. Accordingly, C10ORF54 supports the differentiation of ESC and ehhances BMP4 induced signaling in ESC, however C10ORF54 is also down regulated following to BMP4 exposure.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for the GCSF gene. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

PPP3R2 is a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated serine/threonine protein phosphatase. In eukaryotes, the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins on serine and threonine residues is a crucial means of regulating a wide range of cellular functions including division, homeostasis and apoptosis. Ordinarily the protein phosphatase (PP) holoenzyme is a trimeric complex composed of a regulatory subunit, a variable subunit and a catalytic subunit.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and aid in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) comprised of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome vary greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, thus preventing simple recognition by sequence homology. Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L2 (MRPL2) is a 39S subunit protein which is a member of the EcoL2 ribosomal protein family.

ARL15 is a member of the ARF family which are essential in eukaryotic vesicular trafficking pathways and have a vital part in the activation of phospholipase D. ARL15 variants influence levels of Acrp30, an adipocyte-derived protein that is extremely genetic and inversely related to the prospect of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease.

Dual Specificity Phosphatase 22, also known as DUSP22, is a part of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family which holds 1 tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain. DUSP22 activates the Jnk signaling pathway and dephosphorylates and deactivates p38 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK). DUSP22 interacts with MAPK1 and MAPK8.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase mitochondrial 1 (PTPMT1) is a broadly expressed PTP membrane protein with high expression levels in pancreatic beta cells. The PTPMT1 protein is completely restricted to the matrix face of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. PTPMT1 is responsible for dephosphorylating mitochondrial proteins and thus has a major role in the production of ATP. PTPMT1 exhibits a specific preference for the lipid signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate as substrate.

Acid phosphatase, prostate (ACPP) is a non-specific tyrosine phosphatase, which dephosphorylates a varied number of substrates under acidic conditions (pH 4-6) including alkyl, aryl, and acyl orthophosphate monoesters and phosphorylated proteins. ACPP has lipid phosphatase activity and inactivates lysophosphatidic acid in seminal plasma.