Search results

Cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly factor NUBP1 isoform 1 (NUBP1) is Involved in the regulation of centrosome duplication similarity. NUBP1 is a component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. NUBP1 is necessary for maturation of extra mitochondrial Fe-S proteins. The NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer constructs a Fe-S scaffold complex, mediating the de novo compilation of a Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins.

Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase which generates angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma. angiotensin I is an important regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Renin initiates a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney.

Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) is a secretory protein not normally expressed in healthy pancreas but highly induced during acute pancreatitis. While PAP has been shown to be anti-bacterial and antiapoptotic in vitro, its definitive biological function in vivo is not clear. Using antisepse oligonucleotides, inhibition of PAP expression significantly worsened pancreatitis in a rat model. During pancreatitis, PAP released by the pancreas could mediate lung inflammation through induction of hepatic TNF- alpha expression and subsequent increase in circulating TNF-alpha.
PAP is activated in primary liver cancers. In normal liver, the protein is undetectable in normal mature hepatocytes and found only in some ductular cells, representing potential hepatic progenitor cells. PAP can be considered hepatic cytokine that combines mitogenic and anti-apoptotic functions regarding hepatocytes, and consequently acts as a growth factor in vivo to enhance liver regeneration. In pancreatic cancor, PAP was overexpressed in 79% (30 of 38) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 19% (7 of 36) of chronic pancreatitis, and 29% (2 of 7) of mucinous cystadenoma. PAP was found in malignant ductular structures in pancreatic carcinomas as well as in benign proliferating ductules and acinar cells in chronic pancreatitis. Elevation of PAP in patients with pancreatic cancer is not merely explainable by concomitant pancreatitis, but seems to be due to increased PAP production by the cancer cells and is also correlated to tumour load as expressed by the UICC stages.
Epithelial expression of PAP was induced under intestinal mucosal inflammation initiated by exposure to commensal bacteria or DSS as well as inflamed IBD colon. Increased serum level of PAP diagnosed ileal location in active Crohn disease with a sensitivity of 60%, a specificity of 94%, a positive predictive value of 84% and a negative predictive value of 81%. Elevated serum PAP (> 50 ng/mL) is significantly associated with disease activity and ileal location of Crohn disease.

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 isoform 1 (SIGLEC6) is a member of immunoglobulin superfamily and SIGLEC (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin) family. SIGLEC6 mediates sialic-acid dependent binding to cells and binds to alpha-2, 6-linked sialic acid. The SIGLEC6 protein localizes in numerous compartments such as membrane fraction, extracellular region and so on. The SIGLEC6 receptor binds sialyl-TN glycans and leptin. Placental expression SIGLEC6 is upregulated in preeclampsia.

RAB24 is a member of the small GTPase superfamily which regulates intracellular protein transferring, nonetheless the specific role of RAB24 has not yet been revealed. RAB24 is distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum/cis-Golgi region and on late endosomal structures which suggests connection to autophagy-related courses. RAB24 demonstrates uncommon characteristics such as low intrinsic GTPase activity, and is incompetently prenylated when compared with other Rab proteins indicates that RAB24 has a distinctive part in the degradation of misfolded cellular proteins or trafficking of proteins to the nuclear envelope.

LYVE-1 has been identified as a major receptor for HA (extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan) on the lymph vessel wall. The deduced amino acid sequence of LYVE-1 predicts a 322-residue type I integral membrane polypeptide 41% similar to the CD44 HA receptor with a 212-residue extracellular domain containing a single Link module the prototypic HA binding domain of the Link protein superfamily. Like CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule binds both soluble and immobilized HA. However, unlike CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule colocalizes with HA on the luminal face of the lymph vessel wall and is completely absent from blood vessels. Hence, LYVE-1 is the first lymph-specific HA receptor to be characterized and is a uniquely powerful marker for lymph vessels themselves.

GNB3 belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. GNB3 is an important regulator of alpha subunit, as well as of certain signal transduction receptor and effector. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (C825T) in GNB3 is linked with essential hypertension and obesity. In addition, this polymorphism is also linked with the occurrence of the splice variant GNB3-s, which seems to have increased activity. GNB3-s is an example of alternative splicing caused by a nucleotide change outside of the splice donor and acceptor sites. Further splice variants may exist for GNB3, however they have not been fully described. Among the diseases associated with GNB3 are syncope, and aortic coarctation.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 8 (CEACAM8) is a cell surface glycoprotein which takes part in cell adhesion in a calciumindependent manner.CEACAM8mediates heterophilic cell adhesion with other carcinoembryonic antigen-related celladhesion molecules (CEACAM6 for example).CEACAM8main role is cell migration,cell adhesion, and pathogen binding.CEACAM-8 isexpressed mainly on the surface of human peripheral blood eosinophils isolated from healthy individuals andused as granulocyte marker.

CARD18 belongs to the death-domain-fold superfamily which is induced by proinflammatory stimuli. CARD18 contains basically only a Caspase recruitment domain, inhibits generation of IL-1b by cooperating with caspase-1 and inhibiting connotation with RIP 2. The connotation of CARD18 to caspase-1 is enabled by the charge-charge interactions between the prodomain of caspase-1 and the surface charge of CARD18.

REG protein was shown to be stimulated during the regeneration of pancreatic islets. Since then, many Reg-related proteins have been identified in humans and other animals. In human, the four REG family genes, i.e., REG 1 alpha, REG 1 beta, REG-related sequence (RS) and HIP/PAP, have so far been isolated. These Reg-related proteins are classified into four subfamilies according to their amino-acid sequences, but they share a similar structure and physiological function. Reg protein is a growth factor for pancreatic beta cells and also suggests that the administration of Reg protein could be used as another therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Human REG cDNA which encodes a 166-amino acid protein with a 22-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of human REG protein has 68% homology to that of rat Reg protein.
Reg I was found to be expressed mainly in pancreatic beta and acinoductular cells as well as gastric fundic enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Reg I production in ECL cells is stimulated by gastrin, as well as by the proinflammatory cytokine, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2Beta. In patients with chronic hypergastrinemia, Reg production is stimulated, with the increased proliferation of gastric mucosal cells. Patients with Helicobacter pylori infection also showed increased Reg production in the gastric mucosa, partly via increased plasma gastrin concentration and partly via increased proinflammatory cytokine production. The serum concentration of the reg-protein was significantly higher in patients with various pancreatic diseases than in normal controls, and was also significantly higher in patients with acute pancreatitis or chronic relapsing pancreatitis than in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, the serum PSP/reg-protein concentration was also significantly increased in liver cirrhosis, choledocholithiasis, and various cancers of the digestive system.

S100A3 is part of S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm/nucleus of a broad range of cells, and takes part in the regulation of several cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A3 has the largest number of cysteines of all S100 proteins. S100A3 has high affinity for Zinc, and is widely expressed in human hair cuticle.

IGFBP1 is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a thyroglobulin type-I domain. The protein binds both insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II and circulates in the plasma. Binding of this protein prolongs the half-life of the IGFs and alters their interaction with cell surface receptors. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interactor 10 (TRIP10) is a part of the F-BAR family of proteins which is expressed in a variety of tissues, including kidney, brain, liver, lung, heart and pancreas. The F-BAR family of proteins contains an N-terminal, alpha-helical, region which is hydrophobic and related to the Bin Amphiphysin Rvs (BAR) protein family. TRIP10 is vital for the coordination of membrane tubulation with Actin cytoskeletal reorganization during endocytosis.

RAN Binding Protein 3, also known as RANBP3, is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. RANBP3 which owns RanBD1 domain participates in nuclear export as part of a heteromeric complex. RANBP3 is also negatively regulates TGF-beta signaling by interacting with the R-SMAD proteins, SMAD2 and SMAD3.

CIB1 (Calcium and integrin binding 1) is regulatory protein with 50% homology to calmodulin and calcineurin B, that encodes a member of the calcium-binding protein family. CIB1 interacts with DNA-dependent protein kinase and may play a role in kinase-phosphatase regulation of DNA end joining. Also CIB1 is widely expressed and binds to a number of effectors, such as integrin ?IIb, PAK1, and polo-like kinases, in different tissues.

Human Fatty Epidermal Acid Binding Protein FABP also called FABP-5 is a 15 kD member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, which is known for the ability to bind fatty acids and related compounds ( bile acids or retinoids). In an internal cavity. The fatty acid binding proteins aP2 (fatty acid binding protein [FABP]-4) and mal1 (EFABP) are closely related and both are expressed in adipocytes.

CIB2 is a member of the calcium and integrin-binding family.CIB2 is possibly a Ca2+-binding regulatory protein which interacts with DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). In the skeletal muscle, CIB2 co-localizes with the integrin alpha7B subunit at the sarcolemma and at the neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions. CIB2 is closely related to CIB1.

Melanoregulin (MREG) takes part in membrane fusion and in regulating the biogenesis of disk membranes of photoreceptor rods. MREG is expressed in photoreceptor cells as two isoforms as a result of alternative splicing. MREG interacts with Peripherin-2, a photoreceptor specific tetraspanin protein which is required to preserve normal cell structure during the renewal process of membrane fusion. Moreover, MREG plays a part in the incorporation of pigments into hair.

Dendritic cell and monocyte chemokinelike protein (DMC/CXCL17/VEGF-correlated chemokine 1/VCC1), is a secreted molecule with a size and predicted 3-dimensional folding pattern similar to that of chemokines CXCL8/IL8 and CXCL14/BRAK. CXCL17 is constitutively generated by airway and intestinal epithelium. CXCL17 induces the chemotaxis of quiescent, but not LPS-activated peripheral blood monocytes and dendritic cells, and it also binds these cells specifically. The expression of CXCL17 is increased in endothelial cells when they are induced to form tubes in vitro. CXCL17, CXCL1/GRO and CXCL8/IL8 which have roles in angiogenesis, show significantly correlated expression with that of VEGF in primary lung, breast and esophageal tumors. Therefore, CXCL17 is suggested to have a role in tumor angiogenesis. The mature Rat CXCL17 shares 82%, 71% amino acid sequence identity with mouse, human CXCL17, respectively.

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors are a family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases that include the type I receptors BMPR1A and BMPR1B and the type II receptor BMPR2. These receptors are also closely related to the activin receptors, ACVR1 and ACVR2. The ligands of these receptors are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. TGF-betas and activins transduce their signals through the formation of heteromeric complexes with 2 different types of serine (threonine) kinase receptors: type I receptors of about 50-55 kD and type II receptors of about 70-80 kD. Type II receptors bind ligands in the absence of type I receptors, but they require their respective type I receptors for signaling, whereas type I receptors require their respective type II receptors for ligand binding.

Pro-opiomelanocortin preproprotein (POMC) is a polypeptide hormone precursor which experiences extensive, tissue-specific, post-translational processing via cleavage by subtilisin-like enzymes known as prohormone convertases. POMC regulates the corticosteroid production in the adrenal cortex. Furthermore, POMC is cleaved into ten hormone chains named NPP, g-MSH, ACTH, a-MSH, CLIP, Lipotropin b, Lipotropin g, b-MSH,b endorphin and Met-enkephalin. POMC gene defects are the cause of POMC deficiency, which is characterized by red hair and adrenal insufficiency.

RHEB is part of the Ras & GTPase superfamily that was originally identified as an immediate-early gene in brain but is also widely expressed in other tissues. RHEB encodes a lipid-anchored, cell membrane protein with five repeats of the RAS-related GTP-binding region. RHEB is necessary in regulation of growth and cell cycle progression due to its role in the TOR/S6K signaling pathway. RHEB has GTPase activity and shuttles between a GDP-bound form and a GTP-bound form, and farnesylation of the protein is required for this activity. RHEB induces oncogenic transformation. RHEB overexpression accelerates lymphomagenesis and is associated with prostate cancer. RHEB can cytopathologically distinguish between fibroadenoma from malignant breast carcinomas which is considered as a secondary diagnostic tool. RHEB has a central role in the regulation of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK signaling network.

RELM-beta (Resistin-Like Molecule-beta) is a member of a recently identified family of secreted proteins containing a conserved cystein-rich C-terminus. The RELM family consists of resistin (also called FIZZ3), RELM-alfa (FIZZ1), RELM-beta (FIZZ2) and RELM-gamma. Only resisistin and RELM-beta were found in humans whereas all four RELM family members were identified in rodents.
RELM-beta appears to be produced as a homodimer exclusively by intestinal goblet cells and can be found in high quantities in stool. Remarkably, stool of germ-free mice displaying sterile intestinal tract does not contain RELM-beta until bacterial colonization takes place after pathogen-free mice entered natural environment. Some, but not all, colon carcinoma cell lines secrete RELM-beta into the cell culture supernatant.
The physiological function of RELM-beta is not known. High doses of recombinant RELM-beta showed hyperglycemic effects including lowered glucose disposal and increased hepatic glucose production in mice.