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VCAM1 is a member of the Ig superfamily. It is a cell surface sialoglycoprotein expressed by cytokine activated endothelium. VCAM-1 contains 6 or 7 immunoglobulin domains, and is expressed on both large and small vessels only after the endothelial cells are stimulated by cytokines. The protein has a number of functions including the regulation of leukocyte migration, leukocyte endothelial cell adhesion and signal transduction and may play a role in a number of inflammatory diseases (artherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis).

SBDS is part of an extremely preserved protein family which exists from archaea to vertebrates and plants. SBDS protein functions in RNA metabolism and has a role in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit and translational activation of ribosomes. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder produced by mutations in the SBDS gene.

SEMG1 is the predominant protein in semen. The secreted protein takes part in the formation of a gel matrix which encases ejaculated spermatozoa. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protease processes SEMG1 into smaller peptides, with each possibly having a separate function. The proteolysis process breaks down the gel matrix and allows the spermatozoa to shift more freely. 2 transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for SEMG1.

SGTA is a ubiquitously expressed protein that contains three TPR protein-protein interaction duplicates. SGTA takes part as a component of the androgen receptor (AR)-chaperone-cochaperone complex, functions as a cochaperone and participates in androgen signaling. SGTA binds directly to HSC70 and HSP70 and mediates their ATPase activity. SGTA gene encodes a protein that is able to interact with the chief nonstructural protein of parvovirus H-1 and 70-kDa heat shock cognate. In addition, SGTA interacts with Vpu and Gag from HIV-1, SARS-CoV accessory protein 7a, DNAJC5 and DNAJC5B. Since this transcript is expressed universally in several tissues, SGTA serves a housekeeping function. While being involved in apoptosis and androgen signaling, SGTA is a possible molecule for polycystic ovary syndrome, a disorder characterized by androgen excess, obesity and menstrual disturbances.

Trypsin inhibitor SPINK1 is secreted from pancreatic acinar cells into pancreatic fluid. SPINK1 has a role in inhibition of trypsin-catalyzed premature initiation of zymogens in the pancreas and the pancreatic duct. Alterations in SPINK1 gene are the cause for tropical calcific and pancreatitis hereditary pancreatitis.

TPT1 takes part in calcium binding and microtubule stabilization. TPT1 is an immunoglobulin E dependent histamine-releasing factor produced by lymphocytes of atopic children and present in biologic fluids of allergic patients. TPT1 protein is similar to p23, a protein of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, synthesized in the exponentially growing tumor. TPT1 is similar with IgE-dependent histamine releasing factor. TPT1 has a cell housekeeping function. TPT1 is involved in spermatogenesis and acts as a calcium binding protein of the human placenta that regulates calcium handling in trophoblast cells.

CDNF is a member of the ARMET family and acts as a trophic factor for dopamine neurons. CDNF inhibits the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. When CDNF controlled after 6-OHDA-lesioning, it reestablishes the dopaminergic function and inhibits the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. CDNF is universally expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The highest levels in the brain are found in the optic nerve and corpus callosum.

VAPA is involved in vesicle traficking. VAPA is a type IV membrane protein. It is localized in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. VAPA is related with the cytoskeleton. VAPA functions membrane fusion, protein complex assembly and cell motility. VAPA is an essential regulator both of the subcellular localization of protrudin and of its ability to stimulate neurite outgrowth.

MAP1LC3B is a member of the MAP1 LC3 family. MAP1LC3B is a subunit of neuronal microtubule-associated MAP1A and MAP1B proteins, that are involved in microtubule assembly and important for neurogenesis. In addition, MAP1LC3B takes part in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles and is expressed mainly in heart, testis, brain and skeletal muscle.

Mmitochondrial import receptor subunit TOMM20 homolog (TOMM20) is a member of the Tom20 family. The Tom machinery consists of import receptors for the initial binding of cytosolically synthesized preproteins and a general import pore (GIP) for the membrane translocation of various preproteins into the mitochondria. TOMM20 acts as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the TOM40 translocation pore.

Dynactin 6, also known as DCTN6 is a member of the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. DCTN6 includes an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif in the N-terminal region, which confers adhesive properties to macromolecular proteins such as fibronectin. DCTN6 has a high degree of sequence resemblance with the mouse homolog, which has been found to participate in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, the precise biological function of DCTN6 is unknown.

Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 beta 2 (MAP1LC3B2) is a member of the MAP1LC3 family. MAP1LC3B2 is a subunit of neuronal microtubule-associated MAP1A and MAP1B proteins, which are involved in microtubule assembly and essential for neurogenesis. The MAP1LC3B2 protein is possibly involved in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles (autophagosomes). MAP1LC3B2 is expressed primarily in the heart, testis, brain and skeletal muscle.

Ataxin 3 is otherwise known as Machado-Joseph disease protein 1. Machado–Joseph disease is a hereditary autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. ATXN3 contains trinucleotide CAG repeats in the coding region, and the expansion of these repeats from the normal 13-36 to 68-79 causes the Machado-Joseph disease. ATXN3 is a poly-ubiquitin-binding protein whose cellular turnover is regulated by its catalytic activity.
In addition, ATXN3 is a proteasome-associated factor which mediates the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. ATXN3 folds reversibly using a single intermediate; partial destabilization of ATXN3 by chemical denaturation causes the formation of fibrillar aggregates by the non-pathological variant.
Ataxin-3 interacts with the major histone acetyltransferases cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein, p300, and p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor and hinders transcription by these coactivators.

BSND is a vital beta subunit for CLC chloride channels. These heteromeric channels are restricted to basolateral membranes of renal tubules and of potassium-secreting epithelia of the inner ear. BSND gene mutations are linked with Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness.

CTF2P, aka Neuropoietinis a part of the IL-6 family of cytokines. CTF2P is the outcome of a gene duplication event involving cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) and it helps to define a subfamily within the IL-6 family that includes CT-1, CLC and CTNF. CTF2P Increases the platelet count associated with splenomegaly and takes part in neuronal precursor development and maturation.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (TNFRSF8) is a receptor for TNFSF8/CD30L. TNFRSF8 has a role in the regulation of cellular growth and transformation of activated lymphoblasts. In addition, the TNFRSF8 protein regulates gene expression via activation of NF-kappa-B. TNFRSF8 being a regulator of apoptosis, induces cell death or proliferation, depending on the cell type.

CB1 cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (CNRIP1) is a 164 amino acid protein and G-protein coupled receptor which is a member of the CNRIP family. The CNRIP1 interacts with the C-terminal tail of cannabinoid receptor 1. CNRIP1 is expressed in the brain tissue and, at low levels, in the testis. CNRIP1 is involved in appetite, synaptic plasticity, neuroprotection and analgesia.

PSMG3 is a chaperone protein that promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome. PSMG3 may cooperate with PSMG1-PSMG2 heterodimers to coordinate the correct assembly of proteasomes. PSMG3 interacts with PSMG4, as well as directly with alpha and beta subunits of the 20S proteasome but dissociates prior to the formation of half-proteasomes, probably upon recruitment of POMP.

L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule (L1CAM) which is a cell adhesion receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily takes part in nerve cell function. L1CAM is a neural cell adhesion molecule involved in the dynamics of cell adhesion and in the generation of transmembrane signals at tyrosine kinase receptors. L1CAM takes part in cell migration, neurite outgrowth and myelination. Furthermore, L1CAM plays an important role in the dynamics of neuronal structure and function in the mature brain.

Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein which functions as a co-receptor for several extracellular ligands including class III/IV semaphorins, some isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor beta. Nrp1 binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and is believed to serve as a coreceptor for kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) by connecting with KDR and enhancing VEGF signaling. Nrp1 is a marker of regulatory T cells.

Transgelin 2 (TAGLN2) is one of the earliest markers of differentiated smooth muscle. TAGLN2 contains a calponin like repeat and a calponin-homology (CH) domain. TAGLN2 is downregulated in some transformed cell lines, indicating that a reduction of transgelin expression may be an early indicator of the onset of transformation. TAGLN2 also binds actin, causing actin fibers to gel within minutes of binding. The binding of transgelin to actin occurs at a ratio of 1:6 actin monomers.

BID is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein having only the BH3 domain. In reaction to apoptotic signaling, BID interacts with another Bcl-2 family of cell death regulators, called Bax, they form a heterodimer resulting to the insertion of Bax into the outer mitochondrial membrane. Bax induces the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel which lead to the release of cytochrome c and other pro-apoptotic factors from the mitochondria resulting in activation of caspases. BID is a mediator of mitochondrial damage induced by caspase-8 (CASP8). CASP8 cleaves BID, and the COOH-terminal part translocates to mitochondria where it triggers cytochrome c release. The major proteolytic product p15 BID releasea cytochrome c. Isoform 1, Isoform 2 and Isoform 4 induce ice-like proteases and apoptosis while Isoform 3 does not induce apoptosis.

HTATIP2 is part of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family which acts as a tumor suppressor in metabolic suppression, inhibition of angiogenesis and induces the expression of apoptosis related genes Bad and Siva. HTATIP2 cooperates with the activation domain of HIV-1 TAT and enhances its transcription by phosphorylating RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Defects in HTATIP2 are related with hepatocellular carcinomas and apoptotic resistant tumor cells, implicating a probable use for HTATIP2 in antitumor therapy.