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LIN28 is a marker of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells and it increases the productivity of the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human fibroblasts. LIN28 acts as a 'translational enhancer and therefore leading specific mRNAs to polysomes and causes an increased protein synthesis. LIN28 binds let-7 pre-miRNA and blocks production of the mature let-7 microRNA in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Zinc Finger HIT-Type Containing 3 (ZNHIT3) which contains one HIT-type zinc finger, requires the presence of thyroid hormone for its interaction. Thyroid receptor interacting proteins particularly interact with the ligand binding domain of the thyroid receptor (TR).

Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein secreted by Streptomyces avidinii which binds firmly to biotin. Streptavidin is widely used in molecular biology through its unique high affinity for the vitamin biotin. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the biotin-streptavidin complex is about ~10-15 mol/L. The strong affinity recognition of biotin and biotinylated molecules has made streptavidin one of the most important components in diagnostics and laboratory kits. The streptavidin/biotin system has one of the biggest free energies of association of yet observed for noncovalent binding of a protein and small ligand in aqueous solution (K_assoc = 10**14). The complexes are also extremely stable over a wide range of temperature and pH.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

Syndecan-4 is a type I integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), which was originally isolated from cloned rat microvascular endothelial cells as an antithrombin-binding molecule, and is now known to be a member of the syndecan family. Syndecan-4 binds to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), midkine, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor via its heparan sulfate chains, and is thought to be involved in various biologic functions such as signaling of bFGF, anticoagulation, and focal adhesion formation. A previous study demonstrated that syndecan-4 is expressed in various tissues, and its level of expression in the kidney is stronger than those of other syndecan family members. Thus, syndecan-4 is thought to play certain roles in maintaining renal function. Moreover, it has been reported that proteoglycans, especially sulfated proteoglycans, are involved in organogenesis of the kidney.

DCTN2 is a 50kDa subunit of dynactin, which is a macromolecular complex consisting of 10-11 subunits ranging in size from 22 to 150 kDa. Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. Dynactin is involved in a various cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. The DCTN2 subunit is present in 4-5 copies per dynactin molecule. DCTN2 is comprised of 3 short alpha-helical coiled-coil domains which mediate association with self or other dynactin subunits. DCTN2 interacts directly with the largest subunit (p150) of dynactin and is able to affix p150 in place. DCTN2 modulates cytoplasmic dynein binding to an organelle, and plays a part in prometaphase chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. DCTN2 is involved in anchoring microtubules to centrosomes. DCTN2 has a role in synapse formation during brain development.

Recombinant Human Sonic Hedgehog is part of a small group of secreted proteins that are vital for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 3 mammalian hedgehog genes (sonic, desert, Indian) share about 60% homology. The Human Sonic Hedgehog is 99% homologous to the mouse gene. Sonic HedgeHog is a protein that is vital in guding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which functions in association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is essential for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Sonic HedgeHog exhibits both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. Mutations in a long-range Sonic HedgeHog enhancer located in an intron of the limb region 1 gene result in preaxial polydactyly.

Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Alpha 3, also known as CHRNA3 is part of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family. Proteins of this family form pentameric complexes comprised of both alpha & beta subunits. Furthermore, CHRNA3 is ligand-gated ions channel which prticipates in neurotransmission. CHRNA3 has been associated with an increased risk of smoking initiation as well as an increased susceptibility to lung cancer.

Anamorsin, ( CIAPIN) is a member of anamorsin family. CIAPIN mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of liver, pancreas and heart tissue cells and does not show any homology to known apoptosis regulatory molecules of the Bcl-2 or CASP families, or to signal transduction molecules. CIAPIN1 Expression is reliant on growth factor stimulation. It is a ubiquitously expressed protein, and when it is overexpressed, it grants apoptotic resistance.

Lxn also known as Latexin is a member of the protease inhibitor I47 (latexin) family. Lxn's function is hardly reversible, non-competitive, as well as potent inhibitor of CPA1, CPA2 and CPA4. Furthermore, Lxn plays a role in inflammation. Among the diseases associated with LXN are endocervicitis and listeriosis.

The recombinant Protein A/G is a genetically engineered protein comprised of 7 IgG-binding domains EDABC-C1C3, corresponding to the Protein A and G domains which are included in the recombinant sequence. The Protein A part is from Staphylococcus aureus segments E, D, A, B and C. The Protein G part is from Streptococcus segments C1 and C3. The recombinant Protein A/G has a broader binding capacity than either Protein A or Protein G alone. The recombinant Protein A/G is ideal for purification of monoclonal or polyclonal IgG antibodies. Protein A/G binds to various human, mouse and rat IgG subclasses such as the human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4; mouse IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and rat IgG2a, IgG2c. In addition, Protein A/G binds to total IgG from cow, goat, sheep, horse, rabbit, guinea pig, pig, dog and cat.

Pre-mRNA-splicing factor SYF2 (SYF2) may be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. The SYF2 protein interacts with cyclin D-type binding-protein 1, which is believed to be a cell cycle regulator at the G1/S transition. SYF2 is amply expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle and kidney and is expressed at lower levels in other tissues.

SNAP-25 is an necessary element of the core complex that is responsible for presynaptic vesicle trafficking. Thus, SNAP-25 is directly involved in the release of neurotransmitters and this protein exists as two alternative isoforms, SNAP25A and SNAP25B which differ by 9 amino acids in central portion of these proteins.

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a phosphoprotein which shuffles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NPM1 is assumed to be involved in a number of processes including regulation of the ARF/p53 pathway. Several genes fusion partners have been described, particularly the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene on chromosome 2. NPM1 gene mutations are linked with acute myeloid leukemia.

Proteasome subunit alpha type-2 (PSMA2) is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. PSMA2 is a 20S core alpha subunit of proteasome belonging to the peptidase T1A family. PSMA2 functions as a docking domain for the regulatory particles and exterior gates blocking unregulated access to the inner cavity.

Adiponectin, also known as Acrp30, AdipoQ and GBP-28, is a 244 amino acid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells (Adipokine). Adiponectin is a part of the soluble defense collagen super family; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. APM-1 forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum.

DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 24 (DNAJC24) belongs to the ZCSL family of proteins and each contain one DPH-type zinc finger. DNAJC24 is involved in the synthesis of diphthamide, a protein found on translation elongation factor EF-2 which is the target of bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins. DNAJC24 stimulates the ATPase activity of few Hsp70-type chaperones. DNAJC24 detected in heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, kidney and testis.

STMN3 is a neuronal specific protein which belongs to the stathmin/oncoprotein 18 family of microtubule-destabilizing phosphoproteins. It is similar to the SCG10 protein and is involved in signal transduction and regulation of microtubule dynamics.

GADD45GIP1 is a nuclear protein which takes part in apoptosis control. GADD45GIP1 is expressed in several tissues, such as heart, thyroid, trachea, kidney, ovary, pancreas, testis and stomach and acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S phase cell cycle production by collaborating with GADD45 proteins to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

PTX-2 or Pentraxin-2 is a phylogenetically conserved protein, commonly moving with homopentameric blood protein or with a protein that recognizes receptors of the innate immune system. The protein’s specific binding abilities may show that PTX-2 is specially bound in sites where injury accrued, therefore helps to eliminate damaged tissue by ways that are not phlogistics.

CNTF is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. The protein is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. In addition to the predominant monocistronic transcript originating from this locus, the gene is also co-transcribed with the upstream ZFP91 gene. Co-transcription from the two loci results in a transcript that contains a complete coding region for the zinc finger protein but lacks a complete coding region for ciliary neurotrophic factor.
CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy.

Recoverin is a member of the recoverin family of neuronal calcium sensors. Recoverin is a heterogeneously acylated calcium-binding and intracellular signal transduction 23kDa protein in the photoreceptor cells of retina. Recoverin contains four EF-hands, of which two bind Ca. Ca-induced extrusion of the acyl group from a hydrophobic cleft in the protein drives the translocation of recoverin from solution to the disc membrane. Recoverin may prolong the termination of the phototransduction cascade in the retina by blocking the phosphorylation of photo-activated rhodopsin. Recoverin plays a key role in the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase, a molecule that regulates the phosphorylation of rhodopsin. This in due course controls the ability of the eye to adapt to, and recover from, exposure to the presence of light. Recoverin is a detectable serologic protein that is expressed in patients with cancer-associated retinopathy, a paraneoplastic syndrome.

Adiponectin, also referred to as Acrp30, AdipoQ and GBP-28, is a recently discovered 244 amino acid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells (Adipokine). The protein belongs to the soluble defense collagen super family; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. APM-1 forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum.

DDX39A which is a part of the DEAD box protein family is characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp. This pattern is implicated in a various cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Several members of the DEAD box protein family are taking part in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division.