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Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

CD70 also known as TNFSF7 is a cytokine which binds to CD27. TNFSF7 takes part in T-cell activation as well as induces the proliferation of costimulated T-cells. Moreover, TNFSF7 enhances the generation of cytolytic T-cells. Among the diseases which are associated with TNFSF7: Include acute myocarditis & Myocarditis.

PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB, are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types including smooth muscle cells, connective tissue cells, bone and cartilage cells, and some blood cells. The PDGF is stored in platelet alpha-granules and released upon platelet activation. The PDGF is involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, chemotaxis, embryonic neuron development, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development. Two distinct signaling receptors used by PDGF
have been identified and named PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta. PDGFR-alpha is high-affinity receptor for each of the three PDGF forms. On the other hand, PDGFR-beta interacts with only PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB.

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. MCSF induces cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. MCSF plays a role in immunological defenses, bone metabolism, lipoproteins clearance, fertility and pregnancy.

Transforming growth factor betas (TGFBetas) mediate many cell-cell interactions that occur during embryonic development. Three TGFBetas have been identified in mammals. TGFBeta1, TGFBeta2 and TGFBeta3 are each synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecule.

TRAF1 is an adapter protein and signal transducer that connects members of the TNFR family to different signaling pathways by association with the receptor cytoplasmic domain and kinases. TRAF1 mediates activation of NF-kappa-B and JNK and participates in apoptosis. The TRAF1/TRAF2 complex recruits the apoptotic suppressors BIRC2 and BIRC3 to TNFRSF1B/TNFR2.

GTF2B is one of the ubiquitous factors needed for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II preinitiation factor. GTF2B localizes to the nucleus where it forms a complex (the DAB complex) with transcription factors IID and IIA. GTF2 plays a role as a bridge between IID, which initially recognizes the promoter sequence, and RNA polymerase II. GTF2B is involved in the selection of the transcription start site.

FGF8 is part of the fibroblast growth factor family. FGF family members have wide mitogenic and cell survival activities, and participate in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF8 supports androgen and anchorage independent growth of mammary tumor cells. FGF8 over expression increases tumor growth and angiogensis. The adult expression of FGF-8 gene is restricted to testes and ovaries. FGF8 functions as an embryonic epithelial factor. FGF8 takes part in midbrain and limb development, organogenesis, embryo gastrulation and left-right axis determination.

NFATC2, also known as nuclear factor of activated T-cells 2, belongs to the nuclear factor of activated T cells family. NFATC2 takes a significant part in the course of T helper cell differentiation, activation, and effector function. Even though KO of an individual NFAT isoform in T cells directs to rather minor effects, T cells lacking for NFATC1 and 2 totally fail to produce T helper cell effector cytokines, for instance the interleukins IL-4 and IL-2. Moreover, NFATC2 is highly phosphorylated and kept in the cytoplasm. Next T cell receptor stimulation, dephosphorylation via calcium-activated calcineurin induces a conformational modification of NFATC2 which reveals a few nuclear localization sequences.

TNFR1 belongs to the TNF-receptor superfamily. TNFR1 is a receptor for TNFSF2/TNF-alpha and homotrimeric TNFSF1/lymphotoxin-alpha.
There are 2 types of soluble TNF receptors: sTNFR-I and sTNFR-II, which act to neutralize the biological activities of TNF alpha and TNF beta. The levels of these soluble receptors seem to increase as a result of shedding of the extracellular domains of the membrane bound receptors. TNF-a, TNFR1 and TNFR2 have roles in cellular differentiation. TNFR1 and TNFR2 function in cell type-specific renal injury.
TNFR1 is capable of signaling both cell survival and apoptosis. TNFR1-induced apoptosis requires 2 sequential signaling complexes. TNFR1 is capable of activating NF-kappaB, mediate apoptosis, and function as a regulator of inflammation. Oxidative stress promotes TNFR1 and TNFR2 self-interaction, ligand-independent and enhanced ligand-dependent TNF signaling. TNFR1 contributes to the induction of non-cytocidal TNF effects including anti-viral state and activation of the acid sphingomyelinase. Human TNFR1 has a major region which controls cell surface expression. High levels of soluble TNF receptors are found in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women.
Germline mutations of the extracellular domains of TNFR1 are linked to the autosomal dominant periodic fever syndrome. The impaired receptor clearance is believed to be a mechanism of the disease. Familial hibernian fever (FHF) is caused by defects in TNFRSF1A gene.

Fucosyltransferase 7 (FUT7) is a golgi stack membrane protein which is involved in the creation of sialyl-Lewis X antigens. The FUT7 protein leads the synthesis of the E-selectin-binding sialyl-Lewis X moiety. FUT7 catalyzes alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkages involved in the expression of sialyl Lewis X antigens.

Fibroblast Growth Factor-19 (FGF-19) is a member of the FGF family. FGF-19 interacts with FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. T FGF-19 takes part in the suppression of bile acid biosynthesis through downregulation of CYP7A1 expression, following positive regulation of the JNK and EPK1/2 cascades. FGF-19 stimulates glucose uptake in adiposytes and is a high affinity, heparin dependent ligand for FGFR4.

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, with NADPH as electron donor that can be converted to the kinds of tetrahydrofolate cofactors applied in 1-carbon transfer chemistry. DHFR converts dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, which is a methyl group shuttle required for the de novo synthesis of purines, thymidylic acid, and specific amino acids. Even though the functional DHFR gene is mapped to chromosome 5, numerous intronless processed pseudogenes or dihydrofolate reductase-like genes are identified on separate chromosomes.
DHFR deficiency is associated with megaloblastic anemia.
DHFR knockdown plays a role in the anticancer activity of 2-hydroxyoleic acid.
DHFR gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is linked to variation in serum and red blood cell folate concentrations in women.

In the absence of additional proteins - the general transcription factors (GTFs) RNA polymerases are unable to initiate RNA synthesis. GTFs accumulate in a complex on the DNA promoter and recruit the RNA polymerase. GTF3C family proteins are vital for RNA polymerase III to produce several small nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs, including 5S RNA, tRNA, and adenovirus-associated (VA) RNA of both cellular and viral origin.

Complement Factor Properdin (CFP) which is a plasma glycoprotein, is a positive regulator of the alternative complement pathway of the innate immune system. CFP binds and stabilizes the C3- and C5-convertase enzyme complexes in a feedback loop that eventually ends with formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the target cell. Mutations in CFP lead to 2 forms of properdin deficiency that cause high susceptibility to meningococcal infections.

Transferrin is the iron-transport protein of vertebrate serum and donates iron to cells through interaction with a specific membrane receptor, CD71. Transferrin appears to be indispensable for most cells growing in tissue culture.
It is referred to frequently as a growth factor because, in analogy to other growth factor-receptor interactions, proliferating cells express high numbers of transferrin receptors, and the binding of transferrin to their receptors is needed for cells to initiate and maintain their DNA synthesis. Apart from its role as an iron transport protein transferrin acts as a cytokine and has functions that may not be related to its iron-carrying capacity.
Human Transferrin is a crucial component for the cultivation of mammalian cells in-vitro. Human Transferrin is Critical for long-term cells growth in-vitro. Human Transferrin is used as detoxificant in media by binding contaminating metal ions. Human Transferrin is often used as a nutrient in fermentation media for recombinant protein and biopharmaceutical production. Additional common uses of Human Transferrin areMolecular weight, Affinity purification of anti-human transferrin antibodies and also as receptor mediated transfection of molecules such as DNA, into cells.

Kruppel-Like Factor 7 (KLF7) is a part of the Kruppel-like transcriptional regulator family whose members regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and survival and contain 3 C2H2 zinc fingers at the C-terminus that mediate binding to GC-rich sites. KLF7 contributes to the progression of type 2 diabetes by inhibiting hormone expression and secretion in pancreatic beta-cells and also by deregulating adipocytokine secretion in adipocytes.

Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3F, also known as EIF3F belongs to the eIF-3 subunit F family. EIF3F is a component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which isessential for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosomeand facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF 2: GTP: methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S preinitiationcomplex (43S PIC). In addition, the eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA forAUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also necessary for disassembly and recycling of post termination ribosomalcomplexes and subsequently prevents premature union of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. Among the diseases associated with EIF3F are intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.

Hepatoma Derived Growth Factor-Like 1 (HDGFL1) is a member of the HDGF family and contains 1 PWWP domain.

ANXA5 is a member of the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins which are involved in membrane-related activity along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. ANXA5 is a phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C inhibitory protein with calcium channel properties and takes part in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, growth and differentiation. ANXA5 is an anticoagulant protein that acts as an indirect inhibitor of the thromboplastin-specific complex, which is involved in the blood coagulation cascade. ANXA5 regulates coagulability in the blood stream by binding to phosphatidylserine and sulfatide. ANXA5 protects sinsuoidal endothelial cells from ischemia reperfusion damage. ANXA5 is necessary for normal CFTR chloride channel activity.

Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was first characterized as a growth factor that supports the in-vitro colony formation of granulocytes-macrophages progenitor cells. It is a pleiotropic cytokine and a member of a family of endogenous cytokines of the hematopoietic system. GM-CSF is produced as a response to immune or inflammatory stimuli by activated cells of the hematopoietic system such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells and also fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells. It plays an important role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, survival and activation of hematopoietic cells such as granulocytes and monocytes ,neutrophiles, basophiles and eosonophoiles, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes and T cells.
Human and mouse GM-CSF have about 56% homology and are species specific. Human GM-CSF is not active on mouse cells and vice versa. It is active on canine and feline cells.
GMCSF is 144 amino acids, 22kDa glycoprotein. It is composed of four bundles alpha helices. Its receptor is heterodimers with a ligand-specific alpha subunit and a betac subunit that is shared with the interleukin IL-3 and IL-5 receptors. This unusual form of receptor assembly likely applies also to IL-3 and IL-5 receptors. Cross-linking the two receptor subunits is required for receptor activation and signaling .
GMCSF has been shown to be involved in maturation, mobilization and antigen presentation of myeloid dentritic cells (DCs) in-vivo or ex-vivo. This function promotes Th1 immune responses, cytotoxcity, anti-angiogenesis as well as allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity. Therefore GMCSF can be used in immunotherapy for the treatment of immune suppressed and immune-compromised patients as well as in veterinary medicine for the same purpose. GM-CSF is also important in regulation of embryo development and pregnancy and specifically in embryo implantation and subsequent development .

Epidermal growth factor has a profound effect on the differentiation of specific cells in vivo and is a potent mitogenic factor for a variety of cultured cells of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. The EGF precursor is believed to exist as a membrane-bound molecule which is proteolytically cleaved to generate the 53-amino acid peptide hormone that stimulates cells to divide. EGF stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture. Long EGF is a recombinant analog of Human EGF developed as a replacement for use in therapeutic cell culture applications as a like-for-like supplement for Recombinant Human or native EGF. It includes the Human EGF amino acid sequence plus a 53 amino acid N-terminal extension peptide.

General Transcription Factor IIF Polypeptide 2 (GTF2F2) is a general transcription initiation factor which binds to RNA polymerase II and helps engage it in the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. GTF2F2 promotes transcription elongation. GTF2F2 shows ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity.

Platelet factor-4 is a 70-amino acid protein that is released from the alpha-granules of activated platelets and binds with high affinity to heparin. Its major physiologic role appears to be neutralization of heparin-like molecules on the endothelial surface of blood vessels, thereby inhibiting local antithrombin III activity and promoting coagulation. As a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils and fibroblasts, PF4 probably has a role in inflammation and wound repair. Oncostatin-A is a member of the CXC chemokine family. Human PF4 is used for the proof of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Furthermore it is used as an inhibitor in the angiogenesis during tumor therapy.