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CRK belongs to the signaling adapter protein family which binds to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. CRK is involved in many cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. CRK has a modular domain architecture consisting of an SH2 followed by two SH3 domains (src-homology domains). The N-terminal SH2 domain of the CRK protein functions as a positive regulator of transformation whereas the C-terminal SH3 domain functions as a negative regulator of transformation.

60S ribosomal protein L8 (RPL8) is a member of the ribosomal protein L2P family. Ribosomes consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. RPL8 is found in the cytoplasm and exists as a component of the 60S subunit where it is assumed to have role in aminoacyl-tRNA binding, specifically at the ribosomal subunit interface. In rats, the RPL8 protein connects with the 5.8S rRNA, and possibly participates in the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, and is a component of the elongation factor 2-binding site at the ribosomal subunit interface.

Ribosomes are the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis and comprised of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Combined, the small 40S and large 60S subunits are composed of 4 RNA types and about 80 structurally distinct proteins. RPS16, a ribosomal protein, is a component of the 40S subunit and a member of the S9P family of ribosomal proteins. RPS16 is situated in the cytoplasm. Just like other genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are numerous processed pseudogenes of RPS16 spread through the genome.

MMAB protein catalyzes the last step in the conversion of vitamin B(12) into adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), a vitamin B12 containing coenzyme for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase(MCM). Decreased MMAB activity leads to the inherited disorder vitamin B12 dependent methylmalonic aciduria linked to the cblB complementation group.

Leucine zipper down-regulated in cancer 1-like (LDOC1L) is a member of the LDOC1 family. LDOC1L is a nuclear protein containing a leucine zipper-like motif and a proline-rich region that shares noticeable similarity with an SH3-binding domain. LDOC1L localizes to the nucleus and is downregulated in certain cancer cell lines. LDOC1L is believed to regulate the transcriptional response mediated by the nuclear factor kB (NFkB).

Ras-related protein Rab-2A (RAB2A)is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. RAB protein family members are nontransforming monomeric GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily, which contain four highly conserved regions involved in GTP binding and hydrolysis. In addition, RAB proteins are a fundamental part of endocytic pathways. RAB2A and RAB2B are essential for protein transport from the ER to the Golgi; RAB2A is lipid-anchored to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane whereas RAB2B is lipid anchored to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane. RAB2A also interacts with GOLGA2.

RNA Binding Motif Protein 11 (RBM11) which contains 1 RNA recognition motif is a part of the RBM family. The RBM gene family encodes proteins with an RNA binding motif which participate in the modulation of apoptosis. RBM11 is expressed in testis, kidney, spleen, brain, spinal cord and mammary gland and can be found as 2 isoforms produced by alternative splicing.

RHOG belongs to the Rac subfamily of the Rho family of small G proteins. RHOG is a small monomeric GTP-binding protein (G protein), and is a key element of several intracellular signalling pathways. RHOG is needed for the formation of membrane ruffles during macropinocytosis. RHOG takes part in cell migration and is essential for the formation of cup-like structures during trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes. Similar to various small G proteins RHOG has a role in several cellular signalling mechanisms such as cell motility, gene transcription, endocytosis, neurite outgrowth, protection from anoikis and regulation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase.

RNA binding motif protein 17 (RBM17) is a splice factor which binds to the single stranded 3'AG at the exon/intron border and promotes its utilization in the 2nd catalytic step. The RBM17 protein is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing and the utilization of cryptic splice sites. RBM17 protein also stimulates the utilization of a cryptic splice site created by the beta-110 mutation in the HBB gene. The ensuing frameshift leads to sickle cell anemia.

RPL23A is a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 60S subunit. Ribosomes, the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally different proteins. RPL23A is a member of the L23P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. Recombinant Human Ribosomal Protein L23A may be one of the target molecules involved in mediating growth inhibition. The corresponding protein binds to a specific site on the 26S rRNA in yeast.

RAC3 belongs to the Rac subfamily of the Rho small G proteins. RAC3 is a small (approximately 21kDa) monomeric GTP-binding protein, which is an important component of intracellular signaling pathway, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases.

Melanoma-associated antigen D1 (MAGED1) belongs to the melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) family and expressed in virtually all normal adult tissues. MAGED1 is involved in the p75 neurotrophin receptor mediated programmed cell death pathway. MAGED1 is involved in Prader-Willi syndrome including hyperphagia, repetitive and compulsive behaviors, and cognitive impairment. MAGED1 is involved in the apoptotic response following NGF (nerve growth factor) binding in neuronal cells. MAGED1 hinders cell cycle progression, and facilitates NGFR-mediated apoptosis. MAGED1 functions as a regulator of the function of DLX family members. MAGED1 has a role in the circadian rythm regulation.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. As its name implies, VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/ macrophagemigration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells ).VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesisand cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.Elevated levels of this protein are linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in this gene have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

RANKL binds to tnfrsf11b/opg and to tnfrsf11a/rank. Osteoclast differentiation and activation factor. Augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naive t-cell proliferation. May be an important regulator of interactions between t-cells and dendritic cells and may play a role in the regulation of the t-cell-dependent immune response. sRANKL may also play an important role in enhanced bone-resorption in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.

CRABP1 is a member of special carrier proteins for members of the vitamin A family. It is believed that CRABP1 has an essential role in retinoic acid-mediated differentiation and proliferation processes. Though, CRABP1 is structurally similar to the cellular retinol-binding proteins, it binds only retinoic acid at specific sites within the nucleus, which may contribute to vitamin A-directed differentiation in epithelial tissue. CRABP1 is constitutively expressed and is thought to have different functions in the cell than the related CRABP2. CRABP1 forms a beta-barrel structure which accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior. Loss of CRABP1 function as a result of hypermethylation of its promoter leads to pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, frequent methylation-associated silencing of CRABP1 is linked to esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma.

IFIH1 is a DEAD box protein which is upregulated in response to treatment with beta-interferon and a protein kinase C-activating compound, mezerein. Irreversible reprogramming of melanomas can be attained by therapy with both these agents; treatment with either agent alone only achieves reversible differentiation. DEAD box proteins are implicated in several cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly.

Dynein light chain roadblock-type (DYNLRB1) belongs to the roadblock dynein light chain family and encodes a cytoplasmic protein which is capable of binding intermediate chain proteins. Upregulation of the DYNLRB1 gene is linked with hepatocellular carcinomas, suggesting that DYNLRB1 may be involved in tumor progression.

OTOR proteins is also known as fibrocyte-derived protein (Fdp) and Melanoma inhibitory activity-like (MIAL). Otoraplin is a member of the melanoma-inhibiting activity gene family. Otoraplin is a secreted 16 kDa globular protein that is expressed in the inner ear by periotic mesenchyme and developing and mature fibrocytes. OTOR is highly homologous to MIA/cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein (CD-RAP), which is a cartilage-specific protein that is also expressed in malignant melanoma cells. The 111 amino acid mature human otoraplin contains 1 SH3 domain (46 – 107 amino acids) and a Tyr at position 50 that is reportedly sulfated. Otoraplin takes pasrt in the initiation of periotic mesenchyme chondrogenesis.
Otoraplin is secreted through the Golgi apparatus and plays a role in cartilage development and maintenance. A frequent polymorphism in the translation start codon of OTOR can abolish translation and may be associated with forms of deafness.

MAP1LC3B is a member of the MAP1 LC3 family. MAP1LC3B is a subunit of neuronal microtubule-associated MAP1A and MAP1B proteins, that are involved in microtubule assembly and important for neurogenesis. In addition, MAP1LC3B takes part in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles and is expressed mainly in heart, testis, brain and skeletal muscle.

Ribosomal Protein L18A (RPL18A) is a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 60S subunit, belongs to the L18AE family of ribosomal proteins. RPL18A is located in the cytoplasm. RPL18A is co-transcribed with the U68 snoRNA, which is located in its 3rd intron. The RPL18A protein may play a role in viral replication by interacting with the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES).

CRABP2 NCBI Accession No: NP_001869 regulates the access of retinoic acid to the nuclear retinoic acid receptors. CRABP2 is involved in a regulatory feedback mechanism that controls the action of retinoic acid on cell differentiation. CRABP2 is involved in the conversion of vitamin A into its intracellular active form retinoic acid, which regulate the genes responsible for lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. CRABP2 gene is located on chromosome 1q21-23 and this region has been linked with related disorders such as familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. CRABP proteins are of low molecular weight having an important function in retinoic acid-mediated regulation of human skin growth and differentiation.

Ras-related protein M-Ras (MRAS) is a member of the RAS superfamily. These family members are membrane-anchored, intracellular signal transducers in charge of various normal cellular functions. They are oncogenically stimulated in a substantial fraction of tumors. MRAS serves as a significant signal transducer for novel upstream stimuli in controlling cell proliferation.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and aid in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) comprised of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome vary greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, thus preventing simple recognition by sequence homology. Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L2 (MRPL2) is a 39S subunit protein which is a member of the EcoL2 ribosomal protein family.