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Cystatins are a superfamily of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in both plants and animals. They comprise a group of proteinase inhibitors, widely distributed in tissues and body fluids, and form tight complexes with cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B, H, L and S. Cystatin C, a secreted molecule of this family, is of interest from biochemical, medicine and evolutionary points of view. Cystatin C is increased in patients with malignant diseases, and is related to the insufficiency of renal function and appears to be a better marker than creatinine. On the other hand, low levels of cystatin C involve cause the breakdown of the elastic laminae and subsequently, the atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

TRAF Family Member-Associated NFKB Activator (TANK) is located in the cytoplasm and binds Either TRAF1, TRAF2 or TRAF3. TANK is an inhibitor of TRAF function which regulates TRAF protein activity via sequestering TRAFs in a dormant position in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of TANK, inhibits TRAF2-mediated NF-Kappa-B activation signaled by CD40 and both TNF receptors and also inhibits LMP1-mediated NFkappa-B activation by blocking the connection of TRAF2 with LMP1.

Frizzled-Related Protein (FRZB) is a secreted protein which is involved in the regulation of bone development. FRZB gene defects cause the female-specific osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility. sFRPS (Soluble frizzled-related proteins) serve as modulators of Wnt signaling by direct interaction with Wnts. sFRPS have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP3/FRZB is involved in limb skeletogenesis. FRZB regulates chondrocyte maturation and long bone development.

Endothelial cells express three different vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, belonging to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). They are named VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1), and VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). Their expression is almost exclusively restricted to endothelial cells, but VEGFR-1 can also be found on monocytes. All VEGF-receptors have seven immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains, a single transmembrane region and an intracellular split tyrosine kinase domain. VEGFR-2 has a lower affinity for VEGF than the Flt-1 receptor, but a higher signalling activity. Mitogenic activity in endothelial cells is mainly mediated by VEGFR-2 leading to their proliferation. Differential splicing of the flt-1 gene leads to the formation of a secreted, soluble variant of VEGFR-1 (sVEGFR-1). No naturally occurring, secreted forms of VEGFR-2 have so far been reported. The binding of VEGF165 to VEGFR-2 is dependent on heparin.

The homeobox protein family of transcription factors has many members that take part in developmental processes such as HHEX. HHEX is known to interact with Promyelocytic leukemia protein and expression in specific hematopoietic lines indicates that this protein is involved in hematopoietic differentiation.

Four and a half LIM domains 3 (FHL3) belongs to a family of proteins containing a four-and-a-half LIM domain, which is a highly conserved double zinc finger motif. FHL3 has been shown to interact with the cancer developmental regulators SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4, the skeletal muscle myogenesis protein MyoD, and the high-affinity IgE beta chain regulator MZF-1. FHL3 is involved in tumor suppression, repression of MyoD expression, and repression of IgE receptor expression. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

PHD finger protein 11 (PHF11) is a regulator of TH1-type cytokine gene expression. The decline in PHF11 expression observed with an AD-associated genotype may promote the intense TH2 reactions which characterize numerous allergic individuals. PHF11 is linked with raised total serum IgE levels, asthma and acute atopic dermatitis (AD) in children. Even though PHF11 includes a plant homeodomain, a motif frequently found in transcriptional regulators, PHF11 function of has yet been examined.

Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 54, also known as C10ORF54 is part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Like a transmembrane molecule, C10ORF54 is expressed in the bone on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and on tumor cell surface as well. Accordingly, C10ORF54 supports the differentiation of ESC and ehhances BMP4 induced signaling in ESC, however C10ORF54 is also down regulated following to BMP4 exposure.

Transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC) is required for iron delivery from transferring to cells. The TFRC protein is a transmembrane glycoprotein comprised of 2 disulfide-linked monomers joined by 2 disulfide bonds. Each monomer will bind one holo-transferrin molecule producing an iron-Tf-TfR complex which enters the cell by endocytosis.

HSA is synthesized in the liver as preproalbumin which has an N-terminal peptide that is removed before the nascent protein is released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The product, proalbumin, is in turn cleaved in the Golgi vesicles to produce the secreted HSA. HSA is a soluble, monomeric protein which comprises about one-half of the blood serum protein. HSA functions primarily as a carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones and plays a role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume. Mutations in this gene on chromosome 4 result in various anomalous proteins. HSA is a globular unglycosylated serum protein of molecular weight 65,000. The human HSA gene is 16,961 nucleotides long from the putative 'cap' site to the first poly (A) addition site. It is split into 15 exons which are symmetrically placed within the 3 domains that are thought to have arisen by triplication of a single primordial domain.
HSA is widely used to stabilize blood volume generally from donors but the fear of contamination such as HIV & Hepatitis has enticed great interest in the recombinant form which is identical to the natural blood.
Suitable for use in biochemical, excipient (an inert substance used as a diluent or vehicle for a drug), culture media and chromatographic applications.

FK506 Binding Protein 5 (FKBP5) belongs to the immunophilin protein family, which has a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. FKBP5 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase, which binds to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP5 is an immunophilin protein with PPIase and co-chaperone activities. FKBP5 is assumed to mediate calcineurin inhibition. FKBP5 is a component of unligated steroid receptors heterocomplexes through interaction with heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). In addition, FKBP5 interacts functionally with mature hetero-oligomeric progesterone receptor complexes along with the 90 kDa heat shock protein and P23 protein.

FABP1 (Fatty acid binding protein1) encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in liver. FABP1 is composed of ten antiparallel beta strands that form a barrel with a bigger binding pocket than the other FABPs allowing it to accommodate two fatty acid. This protein binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm; it may be involved in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism.

S100A9 is part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100A9 protein is localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and participates in the regulation of several cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include no less than 13 proteins which are localized as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. S100A9 is involved in the inhibition of casein kinase and altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis.

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein FABP4 is a 15 kDa member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, which is known for the ability to bind fatty acids and related compounds (bile acids or retinoids) in an internal cavity. FABP4 is expressed in a differentiation-dependent fashion in adipocytes and is a critical gene in the regulation of the biological function of these cells.
In mice, targeted mutations in FABP4 provide significant protection from hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the context of both dietary and genetic obesity. Adipocytes obtained from FABP4-deficient mice also have reduced efficiency of ipolysis in vitro and in vivo, and these mice exhibited moderately improved systemic dyslipidemia. Recent studies also demonstrated FABP4 expression in macrophages upon differentiation and activation. In these cells, FABP4 modulates inflammatory responses and cholesterol ester accumulation, and total or macrophage-specific FABP4 deficiency confers dramatic protection against atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mice. These results indicate a central role for FABP4 in the development of major components of the metabolic syndrome through its distinct actions in adipocytes and macrophages.

GNRH1 also known as Luteinising-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. GNRH1 is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.
At the pituitary, GNRH1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These processes are controlled by the size and frequency of GNRH1 pulses, as well as by feedback from androgens and estrogens. Low requency GNRH1 pulses lead to FSH release, whereas high frequency GNRH1 pulses stimulate LH release.
There are differences in GNRH1 secretion between males and females. In males, GNRH1 is secreted in pulses at a constant frequency, but in females the frequency of the pulses varies during the menstrual cycle and there is a large surge of GNRH1 just before ovulation.
GNRH1 secretion is pulsatile in all vertebrates, and is necessary for correct reproductive function. Thus, a single hormone, GNRH1, controls a complex process of follicular growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum maintenance in the female, and spermatogenesis in the male.

Myozenin 1 (MYOZ1) is a member of the myozenin family. MYOZ1 is mostly expressed in the skeletal muscle. Members of the myozenin family act as calcineurin-interacting proteins which helps tether calcineurin to the sarcomere of cardiac and skeletal muscle. The myozenin family plays a significant role in modulation of calcineurin signaling.

PEX19 is vital for peroxisome biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PEX19 is limited to the outer surface of peroxisomes in liver cells and is has a part in the early stage of peroxisome membrane assembly, prior to the import of matrix protein.

FKBP4 is part of the immunophilin protein family, which takes part in immunoregulation and necessary cellular processes concerning protein folding and trafficking. FKBP4 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that connects to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP4 has high structural and functional similarity to FKBP1A, though, FKBP4 does not have immunosuppressant activity when complexed with FK506. FKBP4 is known to connect with phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase. FKBP4 associates with HSP90 & HSP70 thus takes part in the intracellular trafficking of hetero-oligomeric forms of the steroid hormone receptors. FKBP4 highly associates with adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors (AAV) resulting in a considerable increase in AAV-mediated transgene expression in human cell lines. FKBP4 is involved in the optimal use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy.

The precise role of CFLAR is not yet revealed but it seems it is vital in apoptosis regulation downstream of all identified death receptors.

Furin is a member of the peptidase S8 family. Furin signifies the ubiquitous endoprotease activity within constitutive secretory pathwaysas well as capable of cleavage at the RX (K/R) R consensus motif.Furin is considered to be one of the proteases responsible for the activation of HIV envelope glycoproteins gp160 as well as gp140 and might take part in tumor progression. Among the diseases associated with FURIN are dementia, familial british and plague.

HMGB3 is a member of the high mobility group (HMG) protein superfamily. HMGB3 holds DNA-binding HMG box domains, as do HMG1 and HMG2, and like the rest of the HMG protein superfamily members has a vital part in DNA replication, transcription and nucleosome assembly.

Ferredoxin-1 is a small iron-sulfur protein who transfers electrons from NADPH through ferredoxin reductase to a terminal cytochrome P450. This specific oxidation/reduction system is located in steroidogenic tissues, and is involved with the synthesis of bile acid and vitamin D. FDX1 takes part in the synthesis of thyroid hormones and transfers electrons from adrenodoxin reductase to the cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450. FDX1 supports reactions catalyzed by human microsomal P450s- full length CYP17, truncated CYP17, and truncated CYP21. In addition to the FDX1 at the 11q22chromosomal locus, there are pseudogenes located on chromosomes 20 and 21.

Homeobox A9 (HOXA9) is a member of the Abd-B homeobox family. The HOXA9 protein is a transcription factor with a key role in both haemopoiesis and leukaemia. High levels of HOXA9 expression in haemopoietic cells is a distinctive feature of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and may be sufficient to cause this disease. HOXA9 overexpression noticeably expands hematopoietic stem cells. The HOXA9 gene is part of the A cluster on chromosome 7 and encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor which regulates gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. HOXA9 is a sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system, which provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. HOXA9 is essential for induction of E-selectin and VCAM-1, on the endothelial cells surface at sites of inflammation.