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a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

Secreted Protein Acidic & Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) protein is coded by the SPARC gene in humans. SPARC is a glycoprotein located in bones that binds to calcium. SPARC is produced by fibroblasts, capillary endothelial cells, platelets and macrophages, mainly in areas of tissue morphogenesis and remodelling. Asides from calcium, SPARC can also bind to collagen.

Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein 1 (SSBP) participates in mitochondrial biogenesis. SSBP binds preferentially and cooperatively to ss-DNA. The SSBP protein is involved in mitochondrial DNA replication and associates with mitochondrial DNA.

Biglycan (BGN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which takes part in assembly of collagen fibrils and muscle regeneration. BGN is closely correlated in structure to two other small proteoglycans, decorin and fibromodulin. BGN interacts with several proteins involved in muscular dystrophy, including alpha-dystroglycan, alpha- and gamma-sarcoglycan and collagen VI. BGN is also critical for the assembly of the dystrophin-associated protein complex.

EXOSC5 is a member of the RNase PH family. EXOSC5 is known to cooperate with Exosome component 8 and Exosome component 1. EXOSC5 is a Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex and has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity. EXOSC5 take part in a large number of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. EXOSC5 is expressed in a large range of hematopoietic and epithelial tumor cell lines, but not in standard hematopoietic tissues or other standard tissue, with the exception of testis.

TRAF2 protein is related with transduce signals from members of the TNFR superfamily. TRAF2 is located in the cytoplasm binds to TRAF1, TRAF2, or TRAF3, thus inhibiting TRAF function by sequestering the TRAFs in a suppressed state in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of TANK inhibits TRAF2-mediated NF-Kappa-B activation signaled by CD40 and both TNF receptors and inhibits LMP1-mediated NF-kappa-B activation by blocking the association of TRAF2 with LMP1. TRAF2 is necessary for the cellular response to TNF-alpha by connecting upstream signalling molecules to the IKKs and p65.

CBR1 is one of numerous monomeric, NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases having ubiquistly specificity for carbonyl compounds. CBR1 is broadly distributed in human tissues. CBR1 metabolizes toxic environmental quinones and pharmacological relevant substrates. CBR1 converts prostaglandin E2 to prostaglandin F2-alpha.

FUBP1 is a ssDNA binding protein which stimulates expression of c-myc in undifferentiated cells and activates the far upstream element (FUSE) of c-myc. Regulation of FUSE by FUBP happens by single-strand binding of FUBP to the non-coding strand. FUBP1 performs as an ATP-dependent DNA helicase.

GABARAP is a ligand-gated chloride channel that mediates inhibitory neurotransmission. GABARAP is highly positively charged in its N-terminus and shares sequence similarity with light chain-3 of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B. GABARAP clusters neurotransmitter receptors by mediating interaction with the cytoskeleton.

GABARAPL1 [Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-associated protein-like 1] is a member of the MAP1 LC3 family. GABARAPL1 increases cell surface expression of kappa type opioid receptor through facilitating anterograde intracellular trafficking of the receptor.

CTK-19 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. Unlike its related family members, this smallest known acidic cytokeratin is not paired with a basic cytokeratin in epithelial cells. It is specifically expressed in the periderm, the transiently superficial layer that envelopes the developing epidermis. The type I cytokeratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

POU5F1 is a homeodomain transcription factor of the POU family, expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells.POU5F1 is significantly involved in the signaling pathway for maintaining self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells. POU5F1 has 2 distinct DNA binding domains which independently bind half-sites of the canonical octamer motif. This flexibility allows POU5F1 to bind with distinct DNA motifs by forming heterodimers with other transcription factors or by forming homodimers in several conformations. Human POU5F1 contains a 75aa POU specific (POUS) domain and a 60aa POU-Homeo-(POUH) domain connected by a linker region. The Human POU5F1 specifically interacts with Octamer motif ATGCAAAT. In addition, 2 proline-rich domains in the N-terminal and C-terminal regions are vital for POU5F1 transactivation. POU5F1 regulates a number of target genes and has been shown to work jointly with other transcription factors including Sox2 as well as Nanog to sustain stem cell potency and self-renewal.

CDC42 (Cell division cycle 42 isoform 1) is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily that regulates signaling pathways which control various cellular functions including cell morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression. CDC42 is a plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. In the active state, CDC42 binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. CDC42 is involved in epithelial cell polarization processes. CDC42 causes the formation of thin, actin-rich surface projections called filopodia. Also, CDC42 regulates actin polymerization through its direct binding to N-WASP (Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), which subsequently activates Arp2/3 complex.
Loss of CDC42 function raises endocytotic uptake of apical proteins, as well as apical polarity factors such as Crumbs. The product of oncogene Dbl was described to specifically catalyze the dissociation of GDP from CDC42 protein.

UBE2E1 belongs to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2E1 accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. UBE2E1 catalyzes the covalent attachment of ISG15 to other proteins. UBE2E1 mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. In vitro, UBE2E1 also catalyzes 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination.

LSM2 is a member of the snRNP Sm proteins family. Sm-like proteins are branded in several organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family. Sm-like proteins hold the Sm sequence motif that is made up of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length which folds as a loop. The Sm-like proteins are believed to create a steady heteromer present in tri-snRNP particles, which are vital for pre-mRNA splicing. LSM2 binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA nad takes part in pre-mRNA splicing.

LSM3 is a member of snRNP Sm proteins family which were identified in a large number of organisms based on sequence homology. Sm-like proteins have a Sm sequence motif that holds 2 regions detached by a linker of variable length that fold as a loop. The Sm-like proteins form a stable heteromer found in tri-snRNP particles that are vital for pre-mRNA splicing.

Lxn also known as Latexin is a member of the protease inhibitor I47 (latexin) family. Lxn's function is hardly reversible, non-competitive, as well as potent inhibitor of CPA1, CPA2 and CPA4. Furthermore, Lxn plays a role in inflammation. Among the diseases associated with LXN are endocervicitis and listeriosis.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates it effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. The gene for CXCL3 is located on chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.

Cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) is a nucleic-acid binding protein with seven zinc-finger domains, which has a preference for binding single stranded DNA and RNA. CNBP serves in cap-independent translation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA, and also in sterol-mediated transcriptional regulation. The expansion of A CCTG in CNBP protein’s first intron results in myotonic dystrophy type 2.

CCR4-Not transcription complex, subunit 7 (CNOT7) is a ubiquitous transcription factor. CNOT7 is a component of the CCR4 complex which functions as a general transcription regulation complex. Furthermore, CNOT7 binds to an anti-proliferative protein, BTG1 (B-cell translocation protein 1), which negatively regulates cell proliferation.

CNTF is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. The protein is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. In addition to the predominant monocistronic transcript originating from this locus, the gene is also co-transcribed with the upstream ZFP91 gene. Co-transcription from the two loci results in a transcript that contains a complete coding region for the zinc finger protein but lacks a complete coding region for ciliary neurotrophic factor.
CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy.

RAB31 Member RAS Oncogene Family (RAB31) is a 194 amino lipid-anchored protein which localizes to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane and is a member of the Ras related GTPase superfamily. RAB31 is expressed at high levels in the lung, brain and heart. RAB31 functions in a similar mode to other Rab proteins, namely playing a part in protein transport. Small GTP-binding proteins of the RAB family, for example RAB31, play critical roles in vesicle and granule targeting. RAB31 gas the highest expression in the placenta and brain with lower levels in the heart and lung. However, RAB31 is not detected in liver, skeletal muscle, kidney or pancreas.

ZNF346 is a nucleolar, zinc finger protein which specially binds to double-stranded RNA or RNA/DNA fusions, instead of DNA alone. Zinc finger domains vital for dsRNA binding and essential for its nucleolar localization. ZNF346 takes part in cell growth and survival.

NME2 takes an important part in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. NME2 negatively controls Rho activity by interacting with AKAP13/LBC. NME2 acts as a transcriptional activator of the MYC gene. NME2 binds DNA non-specifically. NME2 is a heterodimeric enzyme functioning as a nucleoside diphosphate kinase. NME1 and NME2 contain 152 amino acids, A and B polypeptide chains of the NM23 enzyme, respectively. NME2 is identical to the beta subunit of human erythrocyte NDP kinase. NDP kinases participate in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates, and NM23 is involved in the regulation of signal transduction by complexing with G proteins, causing activation/inactivation of developmental pathways.