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NTAL participates in FCER1 (high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor)-mediated signaling in mast cells. NTAL takes part in BCR (B-cell antigen receptor)-mediated signaling in B-cells and FCGR1 (high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I)-mediated signaling in myeloid cells. Couples activation of these receptors and their associated kinases with distal intracellular events through the recruitment of GRB2.

NudC Domain Containing 2 also known as NUDCD2 contains 1 CS domain and interacts with LIS1. NUDCD2 regulates the LIS1/dynein pathway by stabilizing LIS1 with Hsp90 chaperone.

OCIA domain-containing protein 2 (OCIAD2) is a protein-coding gene which localizes to endosomes and contains one Ovarian carcinoma immunoreactive antigen (OCIA) domain. Among the associated diseases with OCIAD2 are bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma, and ovarian mucinous neoplasm. OCIAD1 is an important paralog of this gene.

RELM-beta (Resistin-Like Molecule-beta) is a member of a recently identified family of secreted proteins containing a conserved cystein-rich C-terminus. The RELM family consists of resistin (also called FIZZ3), RELM-alfa (FIZZ1), RELM-beta (FIZZ2) and RELM-gamma. Only resisistin and RELM-beta were found in humans whereas all four RELM family members were identified in rodents.
RELM-beta appears to be produced as a homodimer exclusively by intestinal goblet cells and can be found in high quantities in stool. Remarkably, stool of germ-free mice displaying sterile intestinal tract does not contain RELM-beta until bacterial colonization takes place after pathogen-free mice entered natural environment. Some, but not all, colon carcinoma cell lines secrete RELM-beta into the cell culture supernatant.
The physiological function of RELM-beta is not known. High doses of recombinant RELM-beta showed hyperglycemic effects including lowered glucose disposal and increased hepatic glucose production in mice.

Ras-related protein M-Ras (MRAS) is a member of the RAS superfamily. These family members are membrane-anchored, intracellular signal transducers in charge of various normal cellular functions. They are oncogenically stimulated in a substantial fraction of tumors. MRAS serves as a significant signal transducer for novel upstream stimuli in controlling cell proliferation.

PDGF-BB is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family. The four members of this family are mitogenic factors for cells of mesenchymal origin and are characterized by a motif of eight cysteines. This gene product can exist either as a homodimer (PDGF-BB) or as a heterodimer with the platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide (PDGF-AB), where the dimers are connected by disulfide bonds. Mutations in this gene are associated with meningioma. Reciprocal translocations between chromosomes 22 and 7, at sites where this gene and that for COL1A1 are located, are associated with a particular type of skin tumor called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans resulting from unregulated expression of growth factor. Two splice variants have been identified for this gene.

CETN3 comprises of 4 EF-hand calcium binding domains, and is a part of the centrin protein family. CETN3 protein is widely expressed cytoskeletal components that demonstrate increased expression during cell differentiation. CETN3 takes part in centrosome reproduction.

RAB39B, Member RAS Oncogene Family (RAB39B) belongs to the Rab family of proteins. Rab proteins are small GTPases, which are involved in vesicular trafficking. RAB39B gene mutations are linked with X-linked mental retardation.

SNIP1 is smad nuclear interacting protein that contains a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and acts as a nuclear inhibitor of CBP/p300. SNIP1 is an inhibitor of the TGF-beta signal transduction pathway and is significant in suppressing transcriptional activation dependent on the co-activators CBP and p300. Inhibition of NF-kappa B activity is a function of the N-terminal domain of SNIP1 and involves competition of SNIP1 and the NF-kappa B subunit, RelA/p65, for binding to p300, similar to the mechanism of inhibition of Smad signaling by SNIP1.

Glutamyl-TRNA Amidotransferase, Subunit C also known as GATC allows the formation of properly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction occurs in the attendance of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln). In addition, GATC is subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A (QRSL1), B (PET112) and C (GATC) subunits.

CTACK is a chemotactic factor that attracts skin-associated memory T-lymphocytes. CTACK is involved in mediating homing of lymphocytes to cutaneous sites. CTACK Binds to CCR10.

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.

Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DO Alpha (HLA-DOA) is a significant modulator in the HLA class II restricted antigen presentation pathway by interaction with the HLA-DM molecule in B-cells. HLA-DOA forms a heterodimer along with HLA-DOB. The heterodimer is located in lysosomes in B cells and regulates HLA-DM-mediated peptide loading on MHC class II molecules. HLA-DOA exhibits very little sequence variation, particularly at the protein level.

Neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1) is a part of the evolutionarily conserved CAN (Cerberus and DAN) family of proteins, which contain a domain resembling the CTCK (C-terminal cystine knot-like) motif found in several signaling molecules. NBL1 is a is a tumor suppressor of neuroblastoma and takes part in preventing cells from entering the final stage (G1/S) of the transformation process. NBL1 is produced in small neurons of the dorsal root ganglion. The expression of NBL1 is triggered by MATH-1.

Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 (ARHGDIA) is a member of the RAS gene superfamily, which encodes small guanine nucleotide exchange (GTP/GDP) factors. ARHGDIA, which is localized to the cytoplasm, inhibits the dissociation of GDP from Rho proteins, thus preventing GTP from binding to and consequently activating Rho proteins. In humans, the ARHGDIA can be phosphorylated at Ser 101 by p21-activated kinase, an event that inhibits its activity and may result in positive feedback regulation of several ARHGDIA target proteins.

STEAP Family Member 4 (STEAP4) is a member of the STEAP (six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate) family, resides in the golgi apparatus. STEAP4 act as a metalloreductase which has the ability to reduce both Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) and Cu(2+) to Cu(1+),using NAD(+) as acceptor. According to studies in mice and human it is possible that STEAP4 may involve in adipocyte development and metabolism, and also contribute to the normal biology of the prostate cell.

Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3,( BUB3), is a saved component of the mitotic spindle assembly complex (MCC). The encoded protein has 4 WD repeat domains and has a similar sequence as the yeast BUB3 protein. BUB3 is vital for the kinetochore localization of BUB1 and BUBR1. BUB3 participates in the central spindle checkpoint pathway that operates during early embryogenesis. Furthermore BUB3 has a part in regulating the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule attachments.

PEBP1 (Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1) belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family and a serine protease inhibitor that inhibits thrombin, neuropsin. PEBP1 plays a key modulatory part in several protein kinase signaling cascades. PKC phosphorylates PEBP1, resulting in the release of Raf-1 and activation of MEK and ERK. PEBP1 is expressed in many tissues and implicated in the regulation of such physiological processes as membrane biosynthesis, spermatogenesis, neural development, and metastasis suppression.
PEBP1 binds ATP, opioids and phosphatidylethanolamine, however it has lower affinity for phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine. PEBP1 may also be involved in the function of the presynaptic cholinergic neurons of the CNS. PEBP1 increases the production of choline acetyltransferase although not acetylcholinesterase. Furtheremore, PEBP1 functions in potentially sequestering toxic compounds, including locostatin which may have harmful effects on cells.
Loss of PEBP1 expression may have a significant role as prognostic marker in Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. In addition, PEBP1 is found differentially expressed in the Wernicke's Area from schizophrenia patients. PEBP1 is also, an invasion suppressor protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PGK1 is an X-linked enzyme that has a major role in the glycolytic pathway. PGK1 is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate, generating an ATP molecule. PGK1 may also act as a cofactor for polymerase alpha. Defects in the PGK1 gene are usually associated with chronic hemolytic anemia, though it can be accompanied by either mental retardation or muscular disease (rhabdomyolysis). Overexpression of PGK1 and its signalling targets are possibly an expression-pathway in diffuse primary gastric carcinomas promoting peritoneal dissemination. It was shown that PGK1 is differentially expressed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from patients with schizophrenia.

KLF3 belongs to the Sp1-like/KLF family. KLFs is a family of evolutionarily conserved zinc finger-having transcription factors with various regulatory purposes in cell growth, embryogenesis, proliferation and differentiation. KLF3 is Kruppel-like zinc finger which contain transcription factors and take part in hematopoiesis.

Protein Kinase, AMP-Activated, Alpha 1 (PRKAA1) is a protein coding gene which is the catalytic subunit of AMPK. AMPK is an energy sensor protein kinase which regulates cellular energy metabolism. AMPK adjusts the activity of various important metabolic enzymes by direct phosphorylation. Among its other features, AMPK protects cells from stresses that cause ATP depletion by switching off ATP-consuming biosynthetic pathways.

Complement Factor Properdin (CFP) which is a plasma glycoprotein, is a positive regulator of the alternative complement pathway of the innate immune system. CFP binds and stabilizes the C3- and C5-convertase enzyme complexes in a feedback loop that eventually ends with formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the target cell. Mutations in CFP lead to 2 forms of properdin deficiency that cause high susceptibility to meningococcal infections.

Lumican also known as LUM belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family which comprises decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, keratocan, epiphycan, and osteoglycin. Furthermore we can see that in these bifunctional molecules, the protein moiety binds collagen fibrils and the highly charged hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans regulate interfibrillar spacings. Lumican is the main keratan sulfate proteoglycan of the cornea however LUM is also distributed in interstitial collagenous matrices throughout the body. Lumican regulates collagen fibril organization and circumferential growth, corneal transparency, epithelial cell migration and tissue repair. Among the diseases associated with LUM is posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy.

4-1BBL is a transmembrane cytokine that is part of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. 4-1BBL is a bidirectional signal transducer that performs as a ligand for TNFRSF9, which is a costimulatory receptor molecule in T lymphocytes. TNFSF9 and its TNFRSF9 take part in the antigen presentation development and in the generation of cytotoxic T cells. 4-1BBR is absent from resting T lymphocytes but rapidly expressed upon antigenic stimulation. TNFSF9 reactivates anergic T lymphocytes as well as promoting T lymphocyte proliferation. 4-1BB Ligand is needed for the optimal CD8 responses in CD8 T cells. 4-1BBL is expressed in carcinoma cell lines, and is thought to be involved in T cell-tumor cell interaction. 4-1BBL is expressed by activated B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, activated T cells, neurons and astrocytes. The interaction of 4-1BB with TNFRSF9 strongly regulates immunity and has been proposed to preferentially control T cell responses based on studies in various murin