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PPM1G is part of the PP2C family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases which are known to be negative regulators of cell stress response pathways. PPM1G is accountable for the dephosphorylation of Pre-mRNA splicing factors, an important factor for the formation of functional spliceosome. PPM1G regulates cell cycle progression. PPM1G mediates histone dephosphorylation/exchange in response to DNA damage or checkpoint recovery in higher eukaryotes. The degradation of p21/WAF1 induced by PPM1G is mediated in a proteasome-dependent manner. Protein phosphatase 1G regulates assembly and function of the beta-catenin degradation complex.

Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein secreted by Streptomyces avidinii which binds firmly to biotin. Streptavidin is widely used in molecular biology through its unique high affinity for the vitamin biotin. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the biotin-streptavidin complex is about ~10-15 mol/L. The strong affinity recognition of biotin and biotinylated molecules has made streptavidin one of the most important components in diagnostics and laboratory kits. The streptavidin/biotin system has one of the biggest free energies of association of yet observed for noncovalent binding of a protein and small ligand in aqueous solution (K_assoc = 10**14). The complexes are also extremely stable over a wide range of temperature and pH.

TAF10 is a small subunit of TFIID which is related to a subdivision of TFIID complexes. Studies with human and mammalian cells verified that this subunit is mandatory for transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor, for progression through the cell cycle, and is essential for several cellular differentiation programs.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone, is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. It acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood, whereas calcitonin (a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland) acts to decrease calcium concentration. PTH acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood by acting upon parathyroid hormone receptor in three parts of the body: In the bones- It enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones. Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL, which can bind to osteoclast precursors containing RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK stimulates these precursors to fuse, forming new osteoclasts which ultimately enhances the resorption of bone. In the kidney- It enhances active reabsorption of calcium from distal tubules and the thick ascending limb. In the intestine- It enhances the absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of vitamin D and upregulating the enzyme responsible for 1-alpha hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D, converting vitamin D to its active form (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D) which effects the actual absorption of calcium (as Ca2+ ions) by the intestine via calbindin.

Histidine NADH Dehydrogenase Fe-S Protein 5 (NDUFS5) belongs to the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur protein family. NDUFS5 is a subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), which doesn’t take part in catalysis. Complex I is transferring the electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain.

NDUFV3 is one of no less than 41 subunits which form the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex that is involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and assists in catalyzing the rotenone-sensitive oxidation of NADH and the reduction of ubiquinone. NDUFV3 is 1 of 3 proteins found in the flavoprotein fraction of the complex but it exact function is unknown. Two transcript variants encoding altered isoforms are known for this gene.

Thymidylate kinase (DTYMK) is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. Specifically, DTYMK catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate) to dTDP (deoxythymidine diphosphate), which then acts as one of the 4 nucleotides in DNA. Through its role in the catalytic creation of dTDP, DTYMK has an imperative role in the pathway of DNA synthesis and is assumed to be involved in cell cycle progression and cell growth.

OGG1 is a DNA glycosylase enzyme which takes part in base excision repair. OGG1 protein is the main enzyme accountable for the excision of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a mutagenic base byproduct which arises as a result of exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). OGG1 shows beta lyase activity that nicks DNA 3'' to the lesion.

Biglycan (BGN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which takes part in assembly of collagen fibrils and muscle regeneration. BGN is closely correlated in structure to two other small proteoglycans, decorin and fibromodulin. BGN interacts with several proteins involved in muscular dystrophy, including alpha-dystroglycan, alpha- and gamma-sarcoglycan and collagen VI. BGN is also critical for the assembly of the dystrophin-associated protein complex.

The PARK7 is a ubiquitously expressed protein involved in various cellular processes including spermatogenesis and fertilization, cancer, RNA-binding, androgen-receptor signaling and oxidative stress. Mutations in the PARK7 are the cause of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson’s disease 7 (Park7).

JAZF zinc finger 1 (JAZF1) is a nuclear protein with 3 C2H2-type zinc fingers, which functions as a transcriptional repressor. Chromosomal anomalies involving the JAZF1 are linked with endometrial stromal tumors. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; though, not all variants have been fully characterized.

Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMVK) is a cytosolic enzyme. PMVK is expressed highly in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas and slightly lower in the brain, placenta, and lung. PMVK catalyzes the conversion of mevalonate 5-phosphate into mevalonate 5-diphosphate in the fifth reaction of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Induced by sterol, PMVK participates in isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis via the mevalonate pathway.

CD74 (HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain isoform b), is a transmembrane protein (on antigen presenting cells) which is the invariant chain that chaperones MHC class IIdimers from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. CD74 is expressed by cells of both T lymphocyte and Blymphocyte lineages. CD74 upregulated in several cancers and is also expressed by non immune cells during inflammation. Diseases related with CD74 include thymic epithelial neoplasm and gastroduodenitis. Among its related super-pathways are Immune System and Immune response Antigen presentation by MHC class II. In addition CD74 functions as cell surface receptor for the cytokine MIF.

Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) belongs to the thiol-specific antioxidant protein family. PRDX6 is a bifunctional enzyme with 2 distinct active sites. PRDX6 is involved in redox regulation of the cell and can reduce Hydrogen peroxide and short chain organic, fatty acid, and phospholipid hydroperoxides. PRDX6 may have a role in the regulation of phospholipid turnover as well as in protection against oxidative injury. Furthermore, PRDX6 eases the oxidative stress and TGF-beta-induced abnormalities of human trabecular meshwork cells. In addition, PRDX6 is necessary for blood vessel integrity in injured skin.
At acidic pH, PRDX6 binds to reduced phospholipids, however at cytosolic pH PRDX6 binds only to phospholipids that are oxidized which is compatible with the role for PRDX6 in the repair of peroxidized cell membranes. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated hyperoxidation of PRDX6 induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition via up-regulation of iPLA2 activity. Overexpression of PRDX6 is linked to oligodendroglioma.

TSTA3 is a NADP(H)-binding protein. TSTA3 catalyzes the two-step epimerase and the reductase reactions in GDP-D-mannose metabolism, converting GDP-4-keto-6-D-deoxymannose to GDP-L-fucose. GDP-L-fucose is the substrate of numerous fucosyltransferases that take part in the expression of several glycoconjugates, including blood group ABH antigens and developmental adhesion antigens.
Mutations in TSTA3 result in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, type II.

Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Gamma Transducing 1, also known as GNGT1 is amember of the G protein gamma family. GNGT1 is implicated in various transmembrane signaling systems as a modulator or transducer. In addition GNGT1 (beta & gamma chains) is required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interaction.

Proteasome Subunit Beta Type 8 (PSMB8) is a member of the peptidase T1B family. The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with well-organized ring-shaped 20S core structure. Proteasomes are spread through eukaryotic cells at a high concentration. PSMB8 is mainly expressed in immature dendritic cells. vital function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides.PSMB8 is positioned in the class II region of the MHC (main histocompatibility complex). PSMB8 plays as a significant factor of INFG-induced sensitivity and in apoptosis by degradation of the apoptotic inhibitor MCL1.

WFDC12 belongs to the WFDC (WAP-type four-disulfide core) domain family. The WAP signature motif or WFDC domain has four disulfide bonds created by eight cysteines at the core of the protein, which operates as a protease inhibitor.

WW Domain Containing Transcription Regulator 1 (WWTR1) is a transcriptional coactivator that plays a role as a downstream regulatory target in the Hippo signaling pathway which participates in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. WWTR1 regulates the nuclear accumulation of SMADS and has a main part in coupling them to the transcriptional machinery like the mediator complex. WWTR1 is also regulates embryonic stem-cell self-renewal.

SNTA1 is a member of the syntrophin gene family. SNTA1 is a peripheral membrane protein found linked with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins. Dystrophin is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein located at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is absent in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients, however it is present in reduced amounts in Becker Muscular Dystrophy patients. Syntrophins are cytoplasmic peripheral membrane scaffold proteins and components of the dystrophin-associated protein complex. The N-terminal PDZ domain of SNTA1 interacts with the C-terminus of the pore-forming alpha subunit (SCN5A) of the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5. In addition, SNTA1 associates cardiac sodium channels with the nitric oxide synthase-PMCA4b (plasma membrane Ca-ATPase subtype 4b) complex in cardiomyocytes. The SNTA1 gene is a predisposition locus for Long-QT syndrome (LQT) - an inherited disorder associated with sudden cardiac death from arrhythmia - and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). SNTA1 also associates with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins at the neuromuscular junction and modifies intracellular calcium ion levels in muscle tissue.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Alpha or LIFR is a protein, part of the Interleukin-6 receptor group of proteins. As such, LIFR acts as a mediator for various proteins (IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, Oncostatin M etc). LIFR has many functions as a cytokine, he has an affect on the cell proliferation, differentiation and survival in the different stages of life. In different types of breast cancer LIFR is down regulated, and as such, can be used as a prognostic tool.

TNFRSF17 is a receptor for tnfsf13b/blys/baff and tnfsf13/april. TNFRSF17 promotes b-cell survival and plays a role in the regulation of humoral immunity. TNFRSF17 activates nf-kappa-b and jnk. TNFRSF17 is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. TNFRSF17 is expressed in mature B lymphocytes, and is invloved in B cell development and autoimmune response. TNFRSF17 specifically binds to the tumor TNFSF13B/TALL-1/BAFF, which causes NF-kappaB and MAPK8/JNK activation. TNFRSF17 binds to a variety of TRAF family members, and therefore transduces signals for cell survival and proliferation. TNFRSF17 is a type III membrane protein having 1 extracellular cysteine rich domain. Within the TNFRSF, it shares the highest homology with TACI. BCMA and TACI have both been shown to bind to APRIL and BAFF, members of the TNF ligand superfamily. BCMA expression has been found in immune organs. TNFRSF17 appears to be localized to the Golgi compartment. The binding of BCMA to APRIL or BAFF has been shown to stimulate IgM production in peripheral blood B cells and increase the survival of cultured B cells.

Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta (EEF1D) is a subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex that is responsible for the enzymatic transport of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. EEF1D functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor. EEF1D interacts with HIV-1 Tat, and consequently represses the translation of host-cell, but not HIV-1, mRNAs. EEF1D overexpression is linked to oesophageal carcinoma and may negatively influence the outcome of medulloblastomas.

Lymphotoxin alpha, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is a cytokine produced by lymphocytes. LTA is highly inducible, secreted, and exists as homotrimeric molecule. LTA forms heterotrimers with lymphotoxin-beta which anchors lymphotoxin-alpha to the cell surface. LTA mediates a large variety of inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antiviral responses. LTA is also involved in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs during development and plays a role in apoptosis.