Search results

CDC26 is a member of the CDC26 family which arranges progression via mitosis by enhancing cell-cycle regulators with ubiquitin chains. CDC26 is a component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase which directs progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex operates by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins.

CDC42 (Cell division cycle 42 isoform 1) is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily that regulates signaling pathways which control various cellular functions including cell morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression. CDC42 is a plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. In the active state, CDC42 binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. CDC42 is involved in epithelial cell polarization processes. CDC42 causes the formation of thin, actin-rich surface projections called filopodia. Also, CDC42 regulates actin polymerization through its direct binding to N-WASP (Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), which subsequently activates Arp2/3 complex.
Loss of CDC42 function raises endocytotic uptake of apical proteins, as well as apical polarity factors such as Crumbs. The product of oncogene Dbl was described to specifically catalyze the dissociation of GDP from CDC42 protein.

Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin 1, also known as LECT1, is a glycosylated transmembrane protein which is cleaved to form a mature, secreted protein. The mature protein encourages chondrocyte growth and inhibits angiogenesis. The mature protein takes part in endochondral bone development by permitting cartilaginous anlagen to be vascularized and replaced by bone. LECT1 is expressed in the avascular area of prehypertrophic cartilage and its expression reduces during vascular invasion and chondrocyte hypertrophy.

GIMAP6 is a member of the GTPases of immunity-associated proteins (GIMAP) family. GIMAP proteins contain GTP-binding and coiled-coil motifs, and may play roles in the regulation of cell survival. Decreased expression of this gene may play a role in non-small cell lung cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, which is found in a cluster with seven additional GIMAP genes on the long arm of chromosome 7.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) plays a significant part in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle through modulating the centrosome cycle in addition to mitotic onset; CDK1 promotes G2-M transition and regulates G1 progress and G1-S transition using association with multiple interphase cyclins. CDK1 is essential in higher cells for the entry into S-phase and mitosis.

Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Gamma 11 (GNG11) which belongs to the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) gamma family encodes a lipid-anchored, cell membrane protein. G proteins act as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. GNG11 is also subject to carboxyl-terminal processing.

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) is a part of the GPI family whose members encode multifunctional phosphoglucose isomerase proteins involved in energy pathways. GPI is a dimeric enzyme which catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. Mammalian GPI also functions as a tumor-secreted cytokine and an angiogenic factor (AMF) which stimulates endothelial cell motility. In addition, GPI is a neurotrophic factor (Neuroleukin) for spinal and sensory neurons. GPI performs in different capacities inside and outside the cell. In the cytoplasm, GPI is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, while outside the cell it acts as a neurotrophic factor for spinal and sensory neurons.
Defects in the GPI gene cause the nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia and a severe enzyme deficiency can be linked to hydrops fetalis, immediate neonatal death and neurological impairment.

C-type lectin domain family 4, member E, also known as CLEC4E is a C-type lectin receptor expressed through a wide range of antigens which presents cells including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells as well as B cells; Furthermore, a variety of stimuli including stress are acknowledged to induce the expression of CLEC4E.

Methionine aminopeptidases and designated peptidase M proteins belong to the M24 family of proteins. MAP protein removes the amino-terminal methionine residue from nascent polypeptides. The active site of MAP contains 2 adjacent divalent metal ions connected by a water molecule or hydroxide ion.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine known as a chemokine that was previously called monocyte-specific chemokine 3 (MCP3). Due to CCL7 possessing two adjacent N-terminal cysteine residues in its mature protein, it is classified among the subfamily of chemokines known as CC chemokines. CCL7 specifically attracts monocytes, and regulates macrophage function. It is produced by certain tumor cell lines and by macrophages. This chemokine is located on chromosome 17 in humans, in a large cluster containing many other CC chemokines and is most closely related to CCL2(previously called MCP1).

RGS17 weakens the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated GTP-bound G alpha subunits and performing as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, creating inactive G-protein heterotrimers, which terminates the signal. RGS17 has a vital part in ending the signaling by mu opioid receptors and development of tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs.

Phl p 12.0101 a profilin, is a minor grass pollen allergen which is involved in cytoskeleton mobility by interacting with actin filaments. It is well recognized that IgE binding can cause immune cross-reactivity with profilins of plant-derived foods and pollen profilin.

Calretinin is an intracellular calcium-binding protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily characterized by a structural motif described as the EF-hand domain. The immunohistochemical detection of calretinin in developing cerebellum is restricted to the later stages indicated by weak staining from week 21 of gestation, in Purkinje and basket cells and in neurons of the dentate nucleus. The intensity of staining increases as the cerebellum matures. In tumors, calretinin has been detected in mesotheliomas and some pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (CXCL6), also known as GCP-2, is a Chemotactic for neutrophil granulocytes. GCP-2 signals through binding and activation of its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2). GCP-2 has strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in addition to its chemotactic and angiogenic property.

Major pollen allergen Cor a 1 (Cor a 1.0103) causes an allergic reaction in human. The Cor a 1 isoforms exhibit different antigenic and allergenic properties.

Collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix, is a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to tissues giving them structural integrity. Collagen and its derivative, gelatin, have been widely used in medical, pharmaceutical and consumer products for more than 100 years. The supply of these materials, created from animal remains, is both abundant and inexpensive. However, most formulations are not highly purified and have the potential to cause an inflammatory reaction in some product users. In addition, concerns have been raised over the last several years about the potential for contamination of bovine products with the agent that causes mad cow disease and its human variant, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Animal collagens are subject to extensive modifications that continue over the life of the molecule in the extracellular space. These differences influence both the extractability of collagens from tissue and the biophysical characteristics of these collagens. As a result, collagens isolated from tissues exhibit significant lot-to-lot variability and, as bulk materials, are often analytically intractable. Products that contain animal-derived collagen can induce potentially harmful inflammatory or immune responses in humans and pose risk of contamination with viruses or prions, potentially life-threatening pathogens. Recombinant collagens are essentially identical to the native collagen protein thereby reducing the risk of inflammation, immune response, and disease as compared to animal-sourced collagen.

Profilin-1 (Bet v 2.0101) binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profiling-1 averts the polymerization of actin, whereas it augments it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, Profilin-1 inhibits the creation of IP3 and DG.

The HbA1c shows the average amount of glucose in the blood over a period of 3 months. Sugar in the bloodstream can become attached to the hemoglobin in red blood cells (glycosylation). Once the sugar is attached, it stays there for the life of the red blood cell, which is about 120 days. The higher the level of blood sugar, the more sugar attaches to red blood cells. The HbA1c is formed in a non-enzymatic pathway by hemoglobin's standard exposure to elevated plasma levels of glucose. HbA1c is tested to monitor nephropathy and retinopathy in diabetes mellitus.

Interleukin-9 is a protein that acts as one of the regulators of hematopoiesis. IL-9 is an enhancer of cells and megakaryoblastic leukemic cells’ growth. Among this protein’s producers we can find cells like mast cells, Treg, NKT cells, Th17, Th2, ILC2, and Th9 cells in various amounts. Th9 are the primary CD4 cells (T cells) that IL-9 is produced in.

Glutamyl-TRNA Amidotransferase, Subunit C also known as GATC allows the formation of properly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction occurs in the attendance of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln). In addition, GATC is subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A (QRSL1), B (PET112) and C (GATC) subunits.

Chitinase 3-Like 1 (CHI3L1) catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin that is an abundant glycopolymer present in insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. The glycoside hydrolase 18 family of chitinases comprises 8 human family members. CHI3L1 belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. CHI3L1 lacks chitinase activity and is secreted by activated macrophages, chondrocytes, neutrophils and synovial cells. CHI3L1 takes part in the process of inflammation and tissue remodeling.

Granzyme H also known as GZMH belongs to the peptidase S1 family. GZMH is an essential part for HBV eradication. The HBx protein, which is required for the replication of HBV, is cleaved at Met(79) by GZMH. Furthermore, GZMH inhibitor can abolish GZNH- as well as lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated HBx degradation and HBV clearance. A HBx-deficient HBV is resistant to GzmH- in addition to lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated viral clearance.

Ferritin is the main intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Ferritin’s major functions are the storage of iron in a soluble and nontoxic state and its release in a controlled fashion. An iron-containing protein complex is found mostly in the intestinal mucosa, spleen, and liver. Ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of the heavy and light chains. Variation in ferritin subunit composition may influence the rates of iron uptake and release in different tissues. Defects in the light chain ferritin gene are linked to a number of neurodegenerative diseases and hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome. The genes that encode the light and heavy chains are on located different chromosomes. The light chain genes are in chromosome region 19q13.3-q13.4 whilst those for the heavy chain are in chromosome region 11q12-q13. Ferritin is shaped like a hollow sphere, inside which the iron is stored in the Fe(III) oxidation state. The iron is integrated in the mineral ferrihydrite, [FeO(OH)]8[FeO(H2PO4)], which is attached to the inner wall of the sphere. To release iron once the body needs it, the iron must be altered from the Fe(III) to the Fe(II) oxidation state. Subsequently, the iron leaves through channels in the spherical structure. Therefore, the structure of ferritin is tremendously important for the protein's ability to store and release iron in a controlled mode.
The amount of ferritin in the blood (serum ferritin level) is directly related to the amount of iron stored in the body. The body has a "buffer" against iron deficiency (if the blood has too little iron, ferritin can release more) and, to a lesser extent, iron overload (if the blood and tissues of the body have too much iron, ferritin can help store the excess iron).