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PDIA3 is an enzyme that belongs to the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin to modulate folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. PDIA3 has protein disulfide isomerase activity. Complexes of lectins and PDIA3 mediate protein folding by promoting formation of disulfide bonds in their glycoprotein substrates. PDIA3 is expressed in the lumbar spinal cord from rats submitted to peripheral lesion during neonatal period. PDIA3 interacts with thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter in the kidney and is induced by glucose deprivation. PDIA3 is part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide-loading complex (TAP1), which is important for formation of the final antigen conformation and export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface.

Calmodulin-2 acts as an intracellular calcium sensor protein. When the intracellular Ca2+ concentration increases, calmodulin can bind up to four Ca2+, changing its conformation and regulating cellular functions such as activation or inhibition of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, and receptors. P53 protein stimulates CALM2 gene expression in 041 cells. CALM-2 is involved in the processes of Ca(2+)-induced neuronal cell death and the blockage of calmodulin attenuates brain injury after cerebral ischemia. Calmodulin-2 mediates the control of a large number of enzymes and other proteins by ca(2+). among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases.

Capping Protein (Actin Filament) Muscle Z-Line, Alpha 2 also known as CAPZA2 belongs the F-actin capping protein alpha subunit family. It is the alpha subunit of the barbed-end actin binding protein Cap Z. By capping the barbed end of actin filaments, Cap Z regulates the growth of the actin filaments at the barbed end. Among the diseases associated with CAPZA2 are endocarditis, and cervicitis.

CCL3L1 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokines. The CCL3L1 gene is one of several cytokine genes clustered on the q-arm of chromosome 17. CCL3L1 is involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. CCL3L1 binds to several chemokine receptors including CCBP2 and CCR5. CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV, and binding of the CCL3L1 protein to CCR5 inhibits HIV entry.

Integrins are heterodimeric proteins consist of alpha and beta subunits. There are more than 18 alpha and 8 beta subunits discovered in mammals. Integrin family members are membrane receptors that participates in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissue repair, immune response and metastatic diffusion of tumor cells. ITGB1 encodes a beta subunit.

GAGE2A is a member of a multigene family expressed in a large variety of tumors while in normal tissues; expression is limited to germ cells. These genes organized in clustered repeats, have a high degree of predicted sequence identity, however differ by scattered single nucleotide change. Their sequences have either the antigenic peptide YRPRPRRY or YYWPRPRRY which is recognized by cytotoxic T-cells.

Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (CXCL6), also known as GCP-2, is a Chemotactic for neutrophil granulocytes. GCP-2 signals through binding and activation of its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2). GCP-2 has strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria In addition to its chemotactic and angiogenic property.

D-lactate dehydrogenase (ldha) is a member of the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. In enzymology, an ldha (cytochrome) is an enzyme which catalyzes the chemical reaction. Therefore, the 2 substrates of the ldha enzyme are (D)-lactate and ferricytochrome c, whereas its 2 products are pyruvate and ferrocytochrome c.

CDC42 (Cell division cycle 42 isoform 1) is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily that regulates signaling pathways which control various cellular functions including cell morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression. CDC42 is a plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. In the active state, CDC42 binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. CDC42 is involved in epithelial cell polarization processes. CDC42 causes the formation of thin, actin-rich surface projections called filopodia. Also, CDC42 regulates actin polymerization through its direct binding to N-WASP (Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), which subsequently activates Arp2/3 complex.
Loss of CDC42 function raises endocytotic uptake of apical proteins, as well as apical polarity factors such as Crumbs. The product of oncogene Dbl was described to specifically catalyze the dissociation of GDP from CDC42 protein.

Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin 1, also known as LECT1, is a glycosylated transmembrane protein which is cleaved to form a mature, secreted protein. The mature protein encourages chondrocyte growth and inhibits angiogenesis. The mature protein takes part in endochondral bone development by permitting cartilaginous anlagen to be vascularized and replaced by bone. LECT1 is expressed in the avascular area of prehypertrophic cartilage and its expression reduces during vascular invasion and chondrocyte hypertrophy.

GIMAP6 is a member of the GTPases of immunity-associated proteins (GIMAP) family. GIMAP proteins contain GTP-binding and coiled-coil motifs, and may play roles in the regulation of cell survival. Decreased expression of this gene may play a role in non-small cell lung cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, which is found in a cluster with seven additional GIMAP genes on the long arm of chromosome 7.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) plays a significant part in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle through modulating the centrosome cycle in addition to mitotic onset; CDK1 promotes G2-M transition and regulates G1 progress and G1-S transition using association with multiple interphase cyclins. CDK1 is essential in higher cells for the entry into S-phase and mitosis.

Thioredoxin-2 is a low molecular weight redox protein. TRX2 contains a redox active disulfide/dithiol group within the conserved Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active site. The TXN2 is involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and in protection against oxidant-induced apoptosis. Upon stimulation of Fas, TXN2 mediates denitrosylation of mitochondria-associated caspase-3, a process required for caspase-3 activation, and promoted apoptosis.
TRX2 is important at low oxidative stress conditions.
MTRX is involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death. Mitochondrial thioredoxin plays an important roles in protection against oxidant-induced apoptosis. Thioredoxin1 and thioredoxin2 have opposed regulatory functions on hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha.

Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Gamma 11 (GNG11) which belongs to the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) gamma family encodes a lipid-anchored, cell membrane protein. G proteins act as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. GNG11 is also subject to carboxyl-terminal processing.

C-type lectin domain family 4, member E, also known as CLEC4E is a C-type lectin receptor expressed through a wide range of antigens which presents cells including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells as well as B cells; Furthermore, a variety of stimuli including stress are acknowledged to induce the expression of CLEC4E.

Methionine aminopeptidases and designated peptidase M proteins belong to the M24 family of proteins. MAP protein removes the amino-terminal methionine residue from nascent polypeptides. The active site of MAP contains 2 adjacent divalent metal ions connected by a water molecule or hydroxide ion.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine known as a chemokine that was previously called monocyte-specific chemokine 3 (MCP3). Due to CCL7 possessing two adjacent N-terminal cysteine residues in its mature protein, it is classified among the subfamily of chemokines known as CC chemokines. CCL7 specifically attracts monocytes, and regulates macrophage function. It is produced by certain tumor cell lines and by macrophages. This chemokine is located on chromosome 17 in humans, in a large cluster containing many other CC chemokines and is most closely related to CCL2(previously called MCP1).

RGS17 weakens the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated GTP-bound G alpha subunits and performing as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, creating inactive G-protein heterotrimers, which terminates the signal. RGS17 has a vital part in ending the signaling by mu opioid receptors and development of tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs.

Phl p 12.0101 a profilin, is a minor grass pollen allergen which is involved in cytoskeleton mobility by interacting with actin filaments. It is well recognized that IgE binding can cause immune cross-reactivity with profilins of plant-derived foods and pollen profilin.

Calretinin is an intracellular calcium-binding protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily characterized by a structural motif described as the EF-hand domain. The immunohistochemical detection of calretinin in developing cerebellum is restricted to the later stages indicated by weak staining from week 21 of gestation, in Purkinje and basket cells and in neurons of the dentate nucleus. The intensity of staining increases as the cerebellum matures. In tumors, calretinin has been detected in mesotheliomas and some pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (CXCL6), also known as GCP-2, is a Chemotactic for neutrophil granulocytes. GCP-2 signals through binding and activation of its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2). GCP-2 has strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in addition to its chemotactic and angiogenic property.

Major pollen allergen Cor a 1 (Cor a 1.0103) causes an allergic reaction in human. The Cor a 1 isoforms exhibit different antigenic and allergenic properties.

Collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix, is a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to tissues giving them structural integrity. Collagen and its derivative, gelatin, have been widely used in medical, pharmaceutical and consumer products for more than 100 years. The supply of these materials, created from animal remains, is both abundant and inexpensive. However, most formulations are not highly purified and have the potential to cause an inflammatory reaction in some product users. In addition, concerns have been raised over the last several years about the potential for contamination of bovine products with the agent that causes mad cow disease and its human variant, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Animal collagens are subject to extensive modifications that continue over the life of the molecule in the extracellular space. These differences influence both the extractability of collagens from tissue and the biophysical characteristics of these collagens. As a result, collagens isolated from tissues exhibit significant lot-to-lot variability and, as bulk materials, are often analytically intractable. Products that contain animal-derived collagen can induce potentially harmful inflammatory or immune responses in humans and pose risk of contamination with viruses or prions, potentially life-threatening pathogens. Recombinant collagens are essentially identical to the native collagen protein thereby reducing the risk of inflammation, immune response, and disease as compared to animal-sourced collagen.