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Syntaxin-2 (STX2) is a member of the syntaxin/epimorphin family of proteins. Syntaxin family members are cellular receptors for transport vesicles which participate in exocytosis in neutrophils. STX2 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and epithelial cell morphogenesis and activation. STX2 is a t-SNARE which localizes to the apical plasma membrane and intracellular vesicular structures. In addition, STX2, along with SNAP-23, is essential for regulated surfactant secretion.

DBI, also known as Acyl-CoA-binding protein isoform 2, is a diazepam binding inhibitor, which is regulated by hormones. DBI participates in lipid metabolism and in the displacement of beta-carbolines & benzodiazepines, which modulate signal transduction at type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors located in brain synapses. Moreover, during adipocyte differentiation the expression of DBI is significantly induced. DBI preforms as an acyl-CoA pool former and regulates LCFA (long-chain fatty acids) metabolism in peripheral tissues.

DUSP23 is a member of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. DUSP23 is a protein phosphatase which facilitates dephosphorylation of phosphorylated proteins on Tyr and Ser/Thr residues. In vitro, DUSP23 dephosphorylate p44-ERK1 (MAPK3) but not p54 SAPK-beta (MAPK10). In addition, DUSP23 enhances activation of JNK and p38(MAPK14).

Angiopoietin-related protein 7 (ANGPTL7), belongs to the angiopoietin-like family of molecules. ANGPTL7 is expressed in the corneal stroma, trabecular meshwork, and sclera. ANGPTL7 production is up-regulated in trabecular meshwork cells by glucocorticoids and TGF-Beta and in cartilage by TNF-alpha.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. As its name implies, VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/ macrophagemigration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells ). VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesisand cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.
Elevated levels of this protein are linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in this gene have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Galanin Prepropeptide (GAL) which is localized in brain pathways is involved in both cognition and affect, and also inhibits learning and memory by inhibiting neurotransmitter release and neuronal firing rate. GAL is a part of the galanin family and modulates a variety of physiological processed including cognition/memory, sensory/pain processing, neurotransmitter/hormone secretion, and feeding behavior. Galanin Prepropeptide is upregulated in primary afferent and sympathetic neurones and is required for the development of sympathetic perineuronal baskets subsequent to nerve injury.

Bone Morphogenetic protein-8b (BMP8B) belongs to a family of secreted signaling molecules which can induce ectopic bone growth. BMP8B is known for having a possible bone inductive activity as it is related to BMP5 and BMP7. BMP8B is the osteoinductive factor accountable for epithelial osteogenesis.

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules, which can induce ectopic bone growth. Various BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were initially identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based upon its expression early in embryogenesis, BMP6 has a suggested role in early development. Moreover, the fact that the BMP6 is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 leads to an assumption of possible bone inductive activity.

Hemoglobin Subunit Zeta (Hbz) or Hba-x is a alpha-like hemoglobin and part of the globin family. The protein is expressed and produced in the the yolk sac in early stages of embryonic development. Hemoglobin subunit zeta has 2 pseudogenes and 5 functional genes.

GARS is an (alpha)2 dimer which is a member of the class II family of tRNA synthetases. GARS is a glycyl-tRNA synthetase, one of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases which charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. GARS catalyzes the attachment of glycine to tRNA(Gly). In addition, GARS is able to produce diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), which is a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule required for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of two ATPs. GARS has been demonstrated to be a target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune diseases, polymyositis or dermatomyositis.

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has lead to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.

ARF4 belongs to the ARF gene family whose members encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins which stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and have a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. The ARF proteins include five ARF proteins and eleven ARF-like proteins and constitute one family of the RAS superfamily. They are classified as class I, class II and class III; the ARF4 gene is a class II member. The members of each class share a common gene organization. The ARF4 gene spans approximately 12kb and contains 6 exons and 5 introns. The ARF4 gene is the most divergent member of the human ARFs.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (CD30) is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. CD30 is expressed by activated (not by resting) T and B cells. CD30 interacts with TRAF2 and TRAF5 which mediate the signal transduction that leads to the activation of NF-kappaB. CD30 is a positive regulator of apoptosis, and also has been shown to limit the proliferative potential of autoreactive CD8 effector T cells and protect the body against autoimmunity.

Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 (BUB3), is a saved component of the mitotic spindle assembly complex (MCC). The encoded protein has 4 WD repeat domains and has a similar sequence as the yeast BUB3 protein. BUB3 is vital for the kinetochore localization of BUB1 and BUBR1. BUB3 participates in the central spindle checkpoint pathway that operates during early embryogenesis. Furthermore BUB3 has a part in regulating the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule attachments.

CD59 is a cell surface glycoprotein which regulates complement-mediated cell lysis, and it is involved in lymphocyte signal transduction. CD59 is an effective inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex, whereby it binds complement C8 and/or C9 during the compilation of this complex, thus inhibiting the incorporation of multiple copies of C9 into the complex, which is essential for osmolytic pore formation. In addition, CD59 has a role in signal transduction pathways in the activation of T cells. CD59 gene mutations cause CD59 deficiency, a disease resulting in hemolytic anemia and thrombosis, and which causes cerebral infarction.

Mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility 1 (MEMO1) is a member of the UPF0103 family. MEMO1 regulates cell migration by transmitting extracellular chemotactic signals to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Furthermore, MEMO1 controls the localization of APC and CLASP2 to the cell membrane, using the regulation of GSK3B activity. MEMO1 is essential for breast carcinoma cell migration, suggesting a key role in tumorigenesis. MEMO1 is also a mediator of ERBB2 signaling.

PPP1CA is one of the 3 catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). PP1 is a serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase which is involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes, such as cell division, glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility, protein synthesis, and HIV-1 viral transcription. Increased PP1 activity is detected in the end stage of heart failure. Studies in both human and mice suggest that PP1 is a significant regulator of cardiac function. Mouse studies also propose that PP1 functions as a suppressor of learning and memory.

DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells, (XPA), is a member of the XPA family. XPA protein takes a part in DNA excision repair. It Inductees repair by binding to damaged sites with different affinities depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region. Defects in XPA is the reason of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP-A), which is infrequent human autosomal recessive disease which characterized by solar sensitivity, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight, also may cause to neurological abnormalities.

Carbonic anhydrase (carbonate dehydratase) is a family of metalloenzymes (enzymes that contain one or more metal atoms as a functional component of the enzyme) that catalyze the rapid (and reversible) conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons, a reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst. Carbonic anhydrase greatly increases the rate of the reaction, with typical catalytic rates of the different forms of this enzyme ranging between 104 and 106 reactions per second. The active site of most carbonic anhydrases contains a zincion. CAIII is a cytoplasmic isoenzyme, but is released into the circulation following injury.

Inhibitor of DNA Binding 1 (ID1) is a helix-loop-helix protein which can form heterodimers with members of the basic HLH family of transcription factors. ID1 is lacking DNA binding activity and thus can inhibit the DNA binding and transcriptional activation ability of basic HLH proteins with which it interacts. ID1 participates in cell growth, senescence, and differentiation.

CCNH is part of the cyclin family that is known for its protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins act as regulators of CDK kinases. CCNH forms a complex with CDK7 kinase and ring finger protein MAT1. The kinase complex is able to phosphorylate CDK2 and CDC2 kinases, therefore it functions as a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). CCNH and its kinase collaborator are components of TFIIH, as well as RNA polymerase II protein complexes.

NFATC2, also known as nuclear factor of activated T-cells 2, belongs to the nuclear factor of activated T cells family. NFATC2 takes a significant part in the course of T helper cell differentiation, activation, and effector function. Even though KO of an individual NFAT isoform in T cells directs to rather minor effects, T cells lacking for NFATC1 and 2 totally fail to produce T helper cell effector cytokines, for instance the interleukins IL-4 and IL-2. Moreover, NFATC2 is highly phosphorylated and kept in the cytoplasm. Next T cell receptor stimulation, dephosphorylation via calcium-activated calcineurin induces a conformational modification of NFATC2 which reveals a few nuclear localization sequences.

FAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase ALR (GFER) is a member of the Erv1/ALR family of proteins, which is found in higher and lower eukaryotes. GFER is a hepatotrophic growth factor and flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidase expressed in a variety of tissues. Moreover, GFER induces the expression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxyl-ase and ornithine decarboxylases (ODC), which each have a central role in the synthesis of polyamines. The hepatotrophic factor designated augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is assumed to be one of the factors responsible for the exceptional regenerative capacity of mammalian liver. The GFER gene is located on chromosome 16 in the interval containing the locus for polycystic kidney disease (PKD1).

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing three outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein plays an important role in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.