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RAET1E is a member of the MHC class I family. MHC class I family contains main histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related genes positioned in a cluster on chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3. RAET1E and RAET1G protein are different from other RAET1 proteins since they have type I membrane-spanning sequences at their C termini instead glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor sequences.RAET1E acts as a ligand for NKG2D receptor, expressed on the surface of numerous types of immune cells, involves in innate adaptive immune reactions.RAET1E delivers signals to NK cells and advances tumor immune surveillance by inducing the growth of anti-tumor cytotoxic lymphocyte.

SIRT6 is part of the sirtuin family of proteins (Class IV), homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. SIRT6 is characterized by a sirtuin core domain. Yeast sirtuin proteins are recognized by their ability to regulate epigenetic gene silencing and suppress recombination of rDNA. SIRT6, a chromatin-associated protein is involved in DNA repair. Human Sirtuins function as intracellular regulatory proteins with mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

Pro-opiomelanocortin preproprotein (POMC) is a polypeptide hormone precursor which experiences extensive, tissue-specific, post-translational processing via cleavage by subtilisin-like enzymes known as prohormone convertases. POMC regulates the corticosteroid production in the adrenal cortex. Furthermore, POMC is cleaved into ten hormone chains named NPP, g-MSH, ACTH, a-MSH, CLIP, Lipotropin b, Lipotropin g, b-MSH,b endorphin and Met-enkephalin. POMC gene defects are the cause of POMC deficiency, which is characterized by red hair and adrenal insufficiency.

Charged multivesicular body protein 3 (VPS24/CHMP3) is a member of the vacuolar sorting protein family and function as chromatin modifying proteins. VPS24 links directly with CHMP2 and CHMP4 for the disassembly of ESCRT-III complex in an ATP-dependent manner. During HIV-1 infection, the virus uses the ESCRT-III complex to mediate budding and exocytosis of viral proteins. VPS24 overexpression strongly hinders HIV-1 release.

Tp0453 is a carrier of lipids and glycolipids during outer membrane. Tp045 is hypothesized to be a new type of bacterial outer membrane protein, which reduces T.pallidum outer membrane permeability to nutrients while remaining inaccessible to antibodies. Tp0453 exhibited 100% specificity and sensitivity in reaction with syphilis patients’ sera, giving negative result with Lyme disease, relapsing-fever or leptospirosis patients’ sera.

GALK1 enzyme is needed in the first step of the galactose metabolism pathway.
(ATP + D-galactose = ADP + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate). GALK1 deficinecy lead galactosemia II which is an autosomal recessive deficiency known by congenital cataracts during infancy and presenile cataracts in the adult population. The cataracts are secondary to accumulation of galactitol in the lenses.

ICAM-3/CD50, or CD50 or Cluster of Differentiation 50 is a protein, part of the intercellular adhesion molecule superfamily. every ICAM peptides are type I transmembrane glycoproteins, bind to leukocyte adhesion LFA-1 & has 2-9 immunoglobulinlike C2-type domains. ICAM-3/CD50 can be found in every leukocyte and acts as a crucial ligand for LFA-1 in the start of the immune system response. ICAM-3/CD50 acts as an adhesion molecule and is also a potent signaling protein.

Leptin is a protein hormone with important effects in regulating body weight, metabolism and reproductive function. The protein is approximately~16 kDa in mass and encoded by the obese (ob)gene. leptin is expressed predominantly by adipocytes, which fits with the idea that body weight is sensed as the total mass of fat in the body. Smaller amounts of leptin are also secreted by cellsin the epithelium of the stomach and in the placenta. Leptin receptors are highly expressed in areas of the hypothalamus known to be important in regulating body weight, as well as in T lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells.

MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) can break down a wide range of substrates including types I, II, III, VII, VIII, and X collagens as well as L-Selectin, pro-TNF, IL-1?, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5, casein, gelatin, ?1 antitrypsin, myelin basic protein, pro-MMP2 and pro-MMP9. A significant function of MMP-1 is the degradation of fibrillar collagens in extracellular matrix remodeling. MMP-1 is expressed in fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, monocytes and macrophages. MMP1 can be divided into a number of distinct domains: a prodomain which is cleaved on activation, a catalytic domain containing the zinc binding site and a short hinge region with a carboxyl terminal domain. MMP1 is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11q22.3.

MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPKAPK3) is involved in inflammatory Reaction by regulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL6 production post-transcriptionally. MAPKAPK3 phosphorylates AU-rich elements (AREs)-binding proteins, like TTP/ZFP36, leading to control of stability and translation of TNF and IL6 mRNAs. Phosphorylation of TTP/ZFP36 (a major post-transcriptional regulator of TNF), promotes its binding to 14-3-3 proteins and reduces its ARE mRNA affinity resulting in inhibition of dependent degradation of ARE-containing transcript. MAPKAPK3 is activated by growth inducers and stress stimulation of cells.

Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) is a secretory protein not normally expressed in healthy pancreas but highly induced during acute pancreatitis. While PAP has been shown to be anti-bacterial and antiapoptotic in vitro, its definitive biological function in vivo is not clear. Using antisepse oligonucleotides, inhibition of PAP expression significantly worsened pancreatitis in a rat model. During pancreatitis, PAP released by the pancreas could mediate lung inflammation through induction of hepatic TNF- alpha expression and subsequent increase in circulating TNF-alpha.
PAP is activated in primary liver cancers. In normal liver, the protein is undetectable in normal mature hepatocytes and found only in some ductular cells, representing potential hepatic progenitor cells. PAP can be considered hepatic cytokine that combines mitogenic and anti-apoptotic functions regarding hepatocytes, and consequently acts as a growth factor in vivo to enhance liver regeneration. In pancreatic cancor, PAP was overexpressed in 79% (30 of 38) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 19% (7 of 36) of chronic pancreatitis, and 29% (2 of 7) of mucinous cystadenoma. PAP was found in malignant ductular structures in pancreatic carcinomas as well as in benign proliferating ductules and acinar cells in chronic pancreatitis. Elevation of PAP in patients with pancreatic cancer is not merely explainable by concomitant pancreatitis, but seems to be due to increased PAP production by the cancer cells and is also correlated to tumour load as expressed by the UICC stages.
Epithelial expression of PAP was induced under intestinal mucosal inflammation initiated by exposure to commensal bacteria or DSS as well as inflamed IBD colon. Increased serum level of PAP diagnosed ileal location in active Crohn disease with a sensitivity of 60%, a specificity of 94%, a positive predictive value of 84% and a negative predictive value of 81%. Elevated serum PAP (> 50 ng/mL) is significantly associated with disease activity and ileal location of Crohn disease.

Protein A is a cell wall component produced by several strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The recombinant Protein A is genetically engineered protein and holds 5 IgG-binding regions of protein A. Recombinant Protein A functions basically the same as native Protein A and is perfect for purification of polyclonal or monoclonal IgG antibodies. Protein A binds to human IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4, mouse IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 and rat IgG2c. Protein A also binds to total IgG from rabbit, pig, dog, cat, and guinea pig.

Muted homolog (MUTED) is a component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex which is necessary for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO), such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. The BLOC-1 complex is needed to steer membrane protein cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for release into neurites and nerve terminals. In addition, this complex, along with SNARE proteins, is suggested to be involved in neurite extension. MUTED also interacts with pallidin, dystrobrevin binding protein 1 and CNO/cappuccino. MUTED is ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in the brain, bone marrow, kidney, and liver and lower levels in the skeletal muscle.

Fibronectin Leucine Rich Transmembrane Protein 2 or FLRT2 is a glycoprotein, part of the 3 FLRT glycoproteins (fibronectin, leucine rich repeat, transmembrane). This protein can be found in apparent areas of the brain and additional tissues. The genes of FLRT1 & FLRT3 extracellular domain has about 47% similarity to FLRT2. A domain of fibronectin in FLRT1, FLRT3 & FLRT2 can be bound to epidermal growth factor receptors.

Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the 2nd step of the “Leloir pathway” of galactose metabolism, specifically the conversion of UDP-glucose + galactose-1-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate + UDP-galactose. The deficiency of the GALT enzyme results in typical galactosemia in humans and may be fatal in the newborn stage if lactose is not eliminated from the diet. Galactosemia pathophysiology has not been clearly defined.

Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 1, also known as PCOLCE binds to the C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen and enhances procollagen C-proteinase activity. In addition, C-terminal processed part of PCPE (CT-PCPE) has a metalloproteinase inhibitory activity. Among the diseases which are associated with PCOLCE: bone fracture & oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

PTB domain-containing engulfment adapter protein 1 (GULP1) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptor protein essential for efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Furthermore, GULP1 helps modulate cellular glycosphingolipid and cholesterol transport. In addition, GULP1 may have a role in the internalization and endosomal trafficking of various LRP1 ligands, such as PSAP. Increased cytoplasmic levels of GULP1 are linked with increases in cellular levels of GTP-bound ARF6.

REG protein was shown to be stimulated during the regeneration of pancreatic islets. Since then, many Reg-related proteins have been identified in humans and other animals. In human, the four REG family genes, i.e., REG 1 alpha, REG 1 beta, REG-related sequence (RS) and HIP/PAP, have so far been isolated. These Reg-related proteins are classified into four subfamilies according to their amino-acid sequences, but they share a similar structure and physiological function. Reg protein is a growth factor for pancreatic beta cells and also suggests that the administration of Reg protein could be used as another therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Human REG cDNA which encodes a 166-amino acid protein with a 22-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of human REG protein has 68% homology to that of rat Reg protein.
Reg I was found to be expressed mainly in pancreatic beta and acinoductular cells as well as gastric fundic enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Reg I production in ECL cells is stimulated by gastrin, as well as by the proinflammatory cytokine, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2Beta. In patients with chronic hypergastrinemia, Reg production is stimulated, with the increased proliferation of gastric mucosal cells. Patients with Helicobacter pylori infection also showed increased Reg production in the gastric mucosa, partly via increased plasma gastrin concentration and partly via increased proinflammatory cytokine production. The serum concentration of the reg-protein was significantly higher in patients with various pancreatic diseases than in normal controls, and was also significantly higher in patients with acute pancreatitis or chronic relapsing pancreatitis than in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, the serum PSP/reg-protein concentration was also significantly increased in liver cirrhosis, choledocholithiasis, and various cancers of the digestive system.

Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 1 (TCEAL1) is a member of the transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like (TCEAL) family, which may function as nuclear phosphoproteins that modulate transcription in a promoter context-dependent manner. TCEAL1 is involved in transcriptional regulation. TCEAL1 is expressed in all tissues, especially highly expressed in the heart, ovary, prostate and skeletal muscle.

HIF1A has a role as a master transcriptional monitor of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions HIF1A activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including, erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, and genes whose protein products increase oxygen release or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. HIF1A functions as an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease.

Parathymosin, also known as PTMS is a member of the pro/parathymosin family. PTMS may mediate immune function by blocking the effect of prothymosin alpha which confers resistance to particular opportunistic infections. Among the diseases associated with PTMS are hepatitis b, and alzheimer's disease.

Thyroid Hormone Responsive (THRSP) is a member of the SPOT14 family. THRSP is similar to the gene product of S14, a rat gene whose expression is limited to liver and adipose tissue and is controlled by nutritional and hormonal factors. THRSP is expressed in liver and adipocytes, specifically in lipomatous modules. In addition It is expressed in lipogenic breast cancers, which suggests a role in controlling tumor lipid metabolism.

PRMT1 Methylates (mono & asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues present in a glycine and arginine-rich domain (may methylate HNRNPA1 and histones). Methylates SUPT5H.
The PRMT1 protein functions as a histone methyltransferase specific for H4.
PRMT1 is an essential factor in oncogenesis and is a potential novel therapeutic target in cancer.
PRMT1-mediated methylation serves as a positive modulator of IR/IRS-1/PI3K pathway and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells.
CAF1 is a new regulator of PRMT1-dependent arginine methylation.
PRMT1 arginine-methylates MRE11 therefore it regulates the activity of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex during the intra-S-phase DNA damage checkpoint response.
PRMT1 plays a post-translationally part in regulating the transcriptional activity.
PRMT1is found predominantly in the cytoplasma though a fraction of PRMT1 is located in the nucleus.