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Amyloid beta A4 protein (APP) functions as a cell surface receptor and transmembrane precursor protein which is cleaved by secretases to form a number of peptides. A number of these peptides are secreted and can bind to the acetyltransferase complex APBB1/TIP60 to stimulate transcriptional activation, whereas others form the protein basis of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. APP gene mutations are implicated in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease and cerebroarterial amyloidosis (cerebral amyloid angiopathy).

Arylsulfatase G (ARSG) is a member of the sulfatase enzyme family. Sulfatases are enzymes which hydrolyze sulfate esters from sulfated steroids, carbohydrates, proteoglycans, and glycolipids. Sulfatases are involved in hormone biosynthesis, modulation of cell signaling, and degradation of macromolecules. The ARSG protein exhibits arylsulfatase activity at acidic pH, as is characteristic of lysosomal sulfatases. The Arylsulfatase G enzyme localizes in the lysosomes. ARSG is inhibited by phosphate, which forms a covalent bond with the active site 3-oxoalanine. Arylsulfatase G is widely expressed, having very low expression in the brain, lung, heart and skeletal muscle.

ATP synthase subunit O (ATP5O) localizes to the mitochondria and catalyzes ATP synthesis. ATP5O is a component of the F-type ATPase found in the mitochondrial matrix. F-type ATPases are composed of a catalytic core and a membrane proton channel. ATP5O seems to be part of the connector connecting these two components and may be involved in transmission of conformational changes or proton conductance.

Sulfotransferase 1A2 (SULT1A2) belongs to the sulfotransferase family. Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. SULT1A2 mediates the metabolic activation of carcinogenic N-hydroxyarylamines to DNA binding products and might thus participate as a modulating factor of cancer risk.

BPHL is a Serine hydrolase that is a part of the AB hydrolase superfamily which catalyzes the hydrolytic activation of amino acid ester prodrugs of nucleoside analogs. BPHL is expressed large quantities in liver and kidney and in minor quantities in heart, intestine and skeletal muscle. BPHL takes part in detoxification processes and is a specific alpha-amino acid ester hydrolase which favors small, hydrophobic, and aromatic side chains and does not have a strict necessity for the leaving group except for favoring a primary alcohol.

Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase 2 (FAAH2) shares a conserved protein motif with the amidase signature family of enzymes. FAAH2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of a broad range of bioactive lipids, including those from the 3 main classes of fatty acid amides; N-acylethanolamines, fatty acid primary amides and N-acyl amino acids. FAAH2 is also degrades bioactive fatty acid amides to their corresponding acids, thus helping to end the signaling functions of these molecules. FAAH2 prefers monounsaturated acyl chains as a substrate.

PCMT1 enzyme catalyses the methyl esterification of L-isoaspartyl and D-aspartyl residues in peptides and proteins that result from spontaneous decomposition of normal L-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues. PCMT1 is involved in the repair and/or degradation of damaged proteins.

Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; alpha polypeptide (FCER1A) binds to the Fc region of immunoglobulins epsilon. FCER1A is a high affinity receptor. In addition FCER1A is responsible for starting the allergic response. Binding of allergen to receptor-bound IgE leads to cell activation and the release of mediators such as histamine which is responsible for the manifestations of allergy. This receptor is contains of an alpha subunit, a beta subunit, and two gamma subunits. FCER1A stands for the alpha subunit. Among the diseases associated with FCER1A are mast-cell leukemia, and allergic asthma.

TBCA is a tubulin-folding protein which is involved in the early step of the tubulin folding pathway. TBCA is one of four proteins (cofactors A, D, E, and C) implicated in the pathway directing to properly folded beta-tubulin from folding intermediates. Cofactors A and D are thought to be a factor in capturing and stabilizing beta-tubulin in a quasi-native confirmation. TBCA is crucial for cell viability, if reduced it causes a decrease in the amount of soluble tubulin, alterations in microtubules and G1 cell cycle arrest. Cofactor E attaches to the cofactor D-tubulin complex, afterward, interaction with cofactor C triggers the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.

Transcription Elongation Factor A (SII)-Like 7 (TCEAL7) has a role in the negative regulation of NF-kappa-B signaling at the basal level by controlling transcriptional activity of NF-kappa-B on its target gene promoters. TCEAL7 links with cyclin D1 promoter containing Myc E-box sequence and transcriptionally inhibits cyclin D1 expression. TCEAL7 regulates telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and telomerase activity in both alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) and telomerase-positive cell lines. TCEAL7 is highly expressed in normal and fetal brain tissues, and weakly expressed in the uterus and ovary. TCEAL7 is down-regulated in epithelial ovarian, cervical, prostate, breast, brain and lung cancer cell lines and in the brain and ovarian tumors.

CD226 belongs to the Ig-superfamily containing 2 Ig-like domains of the V-set. CD226 is a 65kDa glycoprotein expressed on the surface NK cells, platelets, monocytes and a subset of T cells. CD226 facilitates cellular adhesion of platelets and megakaryocytic cells to vascular endothelial cells. CD226 also plays a role in megakaryocytic cell maturation.

GABARAPL1 [Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-associated protein-like 1] is a member of the MAP1 LC3 family. GABARAPL1 increases cell surface expression of kappa type opioid receptor through facilitating anterograde intracellular trafficking of the receptor.

GALM is a main enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism catalysing the translation of beta-D-galactose to alpha-D-galactose. GALM is needed for normal galactose metabolism by preserveing the equilibrium of alpha and beta anomers of galactose. GALM is required for the production of complex oligosaccharides.

GGCT is a member of the family of transferases, specifically the aminoacyltransferases. GGCT protein catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamyl dipeptides and takes an important part in glutathione homeostasis. GGCT induces release of cytochrome c from mitochondria with resultant induction of apoptosis.

Thymidylate synthase catalyzes the methylation of deoxyuridylate to deoxythymidylate using 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate as a cofactor which maintains the dTMP (thymidine-5-prime monophosphate) pool vital for DNA replication and repair. Thymidylate synthase plays an important role as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Thymidylate synthase is the primary site of action for 5-fluoro-2-prime-deoxyuridine and several folate analogs.

GPT catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT has a crucial part in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. GPT is broadly used as an indicator of liver reliability or hepatocellular destruction in clinical tests.

Clathrin, light chain A (CLTA) is a member of the clathrin family. Clathrin, which is a large, soluble protein, is comprised of heavy and light chains. CLTA is one of 2 clathrin light chain proteins which are supposed to function as regulatory elements. CLTA is a key cytosolic coat protein in pits and vesicles originating from the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor proteins are encapsulated by Clathrin-coated vesicles.

Glutathione S-transferase mu 5 (GSTM5) belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are 8 families of GST proteins, specifically alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta, each of which is comprised of proteins which have various functions throughout the cell. GSTM5 belongs to the mu class of enzymes which function in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. GSTM5 has an imperative role in detoxification. GSTM5 conjugates reduced glutathione to a large number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.

GSTT2 belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight GST proteins families, named alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. Each one of the GST families has several proteins with different functions throughout the cell. The theta type members GSTT1 and GSTT2 have a 55% aa sequence homology and hold a vital role in human carcinogenesis. The theta genes are structurally similar – each has five exons with identical exon/intron boundaries.

HBQ1 is a member of the Hemoglobin family. Hemoglobin is a 66.7 kDa protein attached to four iron-binding, methenelinked tetrapyrrole rings (heme). The globin part of Hemoglobin contains 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains organized as couples creating a tetramer. Every one of the 4 globin chains covalently connects with a heme group. The bonds between alpha and beta chains are frailer than between parallel globin chains, thus creating a cleavage plane which is vital for oxygen binding and release. Relaxation of the alpha1-beta2 cleavage plane results in high affinity for oxygen.

MDH1 catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, using the NAD/NADH cofactor system in the citric acid cycle. MDH1 is abundantly found in the cytoplasm and is involved in the malate-aspartate shuttle that functions in the metabolic coordination between cytosol and mitochondria. MDH1 regulates p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to glucose deprivation.

RASSF1A protein is a potential tumor suppressor like the RAS effector proteins. Presence or absence expression of this gene has been related with the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, which suggests the tumor suppressor function of this RASSF1A gene. The inactivation of RASSF1A was found to be associated with the hypermethylation of its CpG-island promoter region. RASSF1A required for death receptor-dependent apoptosis.

Borrelia is a part of the genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Borrelia causes borreliosis, which is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted mainly by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 are distinguished to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The main Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii. Borreliella garinii DbpA demonstrates the typical lipid anchor and decorin/glycoaminoglycon binding properties of a DbpA protein.

Borrelia belongs to a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Borrelia causes borreliosis, which is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted mainly by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 are distinguished to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The main Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii. The Borrelia genus members have a linear chromosome which is about 900 kbp in length as well as an excess of both linear and circular plasmids in the 5-220 kbp size range. The plasmids are atypical, as compared to most bacterial plasmids, since they contain many paralogous sequences, a large number of pseudogenes and, in some cases, essential genes. Moreover, a number of the plasmids have features suggesting that they are prophages.