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OC43 is 1 of 7 known coronaviruses to infect human, including CoV-229E, CoV-NL63, CoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, the original SARS-CoV1, and SARS-CoV-2 (Covid 19). CoV-OC43, human alpha- coronavirus 229E and NL63, beta-coronavirus and HCoV-HKU1 are responsible for the common cold. like other betacoronavirus, CoV-OC43 has an additional shorter spike protein called hemagglutinin esterase. Human coronavirus OC43 belongs to the species beta-coronavirus which are enveloped, positive-sense, singlestranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the Nacetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor.

Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a dominant inherited syndrome characterized by the predisposition to develop various kinds of benign and malignant tumors, including clear cell renal carcinomas, pheochromocytomas and hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina. VHL syndrome is caused by germline mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor, and VHL tumors are associated with loss or mutation of the remaining wild-type allele. VHL has two domains: a roughly 100-residue NH2-terminal domain rich in b sheet (b-domain) and a smaller a-helical domain (a-domain), held together by two linkers and a polar interface. VHL protein is also involved in the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).

RhoA is a member of the small GTPase superfamily, Rho family, whose members are involved in the regulation and timing of cell division. RHOA is a small GTPase protein which acts to regulate the actin cytoskeleton in the formation of stress fibers and also upon 2 known effector proteins: ROCK1 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) and DIAPH1 (diaphanous homolog 1 (Drosophila).

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF R) subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases comprises four members: EGF R (also known as HER1, ErbB1 or ErbB), ErbB2 (Neu, HER-2), ErbB3 (HER-3), and ErbB4 (HER-4). All family members are type I transmembrane glycoprotein that has an extracellular domain which contains two cysteine-rich domains separated by a spacer region that is involved in ligand-binding, and a cytoplasmic domain which has a membrane-proximal tyrosine kinase domain and a C-terminal tail with multiple tyrosine autophosphorylation sites. The human EGF R gene encodes a 1210 amino acid (aa) residue precursor with a 24 aa putative signal peptide, a 621 aa extracellular domain, a 23 aa transmembrane domain, and a 542 aa cytoplasmic domain. EGF R has been shown to bind a subset of the EGF family ligands, including EGF, amphiregulin, TGFa , betacellulin, epiregulin, heparin-binding EGF and neuregulin-2 in the absence of a co-receptor. Ligand binding induces EGF R homodimerization as well as heterdimerization with ErbB2, resulting in kinase activation, tyrosine phosphorylation and cell signaling. EGF R can also be recruited to form heterodimers with the ligand-activated ErbB3 or ErbB4. EGF R signaling has been shown to regulate multiple biological functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and apoptosis. In addition, EGF R signaling has also been shown to play a role in carcinogenesis.

V-Set Domain Containing T Cell Activation Inhibitor 1, also known as VCTN1, is part of the B7 costimulatory protein family. Proteins in this family are located on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interact with ligand bound to receptors on the surface of T cells. High level of the encoded protein has been associated with tumor progression. VCTN1 also takes part in promoting epithelial cell transformation.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that acts as a growth and differentiation factor for both B cells and eosinophils. This cytokine is a main regulator of eosinopoiesis, eosinophil maturation and activation. The elevated production of this cytokine is reported to be related to asthma or hypereosinophilic syndromes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterodimer, whose beta subunit is shared with the receptors for interleukine 3 (IL3) and colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2/GM-CSF). This gene, together with those for interleukin 4 (IL4), interleukin 13 (IL13), and CSF2, form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5. This cytokine, IL4, and IL13 are found to be regulated coordinately by long-range regulatory elements spread over 120 kilobases on chromosome 5q31.

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is vital for innate immune defense against viruses. MAVS is an intermediary protein essential in the virus-triggered IFN-beta signaling pathways. MAVS is involved in activation of transcription factors that regulate expression of IFN-beta and contributes to antiviral immunity.

Herpesvirus entry mediator or HVEM or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 or TNFRSF14, is part of the TNF receptors family that is a receptor located on the cell surface. The cytoplasmic area of this receptor can bind all sorts of TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein. Those proteins can mediate pathways activating an immune response. The MITF is regulating TNFRSF14 gene expression.

ORF73 protein of human herpesvirus 8 is a Kaposi''s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent protein that is suspected of playing a critical role in modulating viral and cellular gene expression. ORF73 is linked to cellular chromatin and stays on the chromosomes during cell division. ORF73 maintains the viral genomes during cell division by tethering the viral episomes to the chromosomes. ORF73 binds directly to replication origin recognition complexes which are primarily connected with the terminal repeat region of the HHV8 genome.

Recoverin is a member of the recoverin family of neuronal calcium sensors. Recoverin is a heterogeneously acylated calcium-binding and intracellular signal transduction 23kDa protein in the photoreceptor cells of retina. Recoverin contains four EF-hands, of which two bind Ca. Ca-induced extrusion of the acyl group from a hydrophobic cleft in the protein drives the translocation of recoverin from solution to the disc membrane. Recoverin may prolong the termination of the phototransduction cascade in the retina by blocking the phosphorylation of photo-activated rhodopsin. Recoverin plays a key role in the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase, a molecule that regulates the phosphorylation of rhodopsin. This in due course controls the ability of the eye to adapt to, and recover from, exposure to the presence of light. Recoverin is a detectable serologic protein that is expressed in patients with cancer-associated retinopathy, a paraneoplastic syndrome.

Vav 1 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (VAV1), belongs to the VAV gene family. The VAV1 proteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho family GTPases which activate pathways leading to actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and transcriptional alterations. VAV1 is essential in hematopoiesis, taking part in T-cell and B-cell development and activation. VAV1 has been identified as the specific binding partner of Nef proteins from HIV-1. In addition, VAV1 contains an SH2 domain, which could show its function as a substrate for tyrosine kinases. Expression of VAV1 is limited solely to cells of hematopoietic origin, as well as those of the erythroid, lymphoid and myeloid lineages. Among the diseases associated with VAV1 are cherubism, and hiv-1.

VZV is closely related to the herpes simplex viruses(HSV), sharing much genomehomology. The known envelope glycoproteins (gB, gC, gE, gH, gI, gK, gL) correspond with those in HSV, however there is no equivalent of HSV gD. VZV virons are spherical and 150-200 nm in diameter. Their lipidenvelope encloses the nucleocapsid of 162 capsomeres arranged in a hexagonalform. Its DNAis a single, linear, double-stranded molecule, 125,000 nt long. The virus is very susceptible to disinfectants, notably sodium hypochlorite. Within the body it can be treated by a number of drugs and therapeutic agents including aciclovir, zoster-immune globulin(ZIG), and vidarabine.

Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family that includes leukemia-inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 6. This gene encodes a growth regulator which inhibits the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines. It regulates cytokine production, including IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF from endothelial cells.

VRK3 is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. The VRK3 gene has replacements at a number of residues within the ATP binding motifs which in other kinases were proved to be required for catalysis in both human and mouse. In vitro assays show that VRK3 has no phosphorylation activity but probably holds its substrate binding capability. VRK3 is universally expressed in human tissues and its protein is restricts to the nucleus.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes African swine fever (ASF), a disease of swine characterized by high morbidity and mortality. ASFV is a large DNA virus which belongs to Asfarviridae family. ASFV’s multilayered virion consists from up to 54 polypeptides while p30 is one of the early viral proteins. ASFV P30 is encoded by the CP204L gene and is one of the most antigenic structural proteinsi nvolved in ASFV entry.

VEGF-C, also known as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Related Protein (VRP), is a recently discovered VEGF growth factor family member that is most closely related to VEGF-D. The rat VEGFC cDNA encodes a pre-pro-protein of 416 amino acids residues.
It is almost identical to the mouse VEGF-C protein. Similar to VEGF-D, VEGF-C has a VEGF homology domain spanning the middle third of the precursor molecule and long N- and C-terminal extensions. In adults, VEGF-C is highly expressed in heart, placenta, ovary and small intestine. Recombinant rat VEGF-C, lacking the N- and C-terminal extensions and containing only the middle VEGF homology domain, forms primarily non-covalently linked dimers. This protein is a ligand for both VEGFR-2/KDR and VEGFR-3/FLT -4. Since VEGFR-3 is strongly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells, it has been postulated that VEGF-C is involved in the regulation of the growth and/or differentiation of lymphatic endothelium. Although recombinant rat VEGF-C is also a mitogen for vascular endothelial cells, it is much less potent than VEGF-A.

Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a dominant inherited syndrome characterized by the predisposition to develop various kinds of benign and malignant tumors, including clear cell renal carcinomas, pheochromocytomas and hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina. VHL syndrome is caused by germline mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor, and VHL tumors are associated with loss or mutation of the remaining wild-type allele. VHL has two domains: a roughly 100-residue NH2-terminal domain rich in b sheet (b-domain) and a smaller a-helical domain (a-domain), held together by two linkers and a polar interface. VHL protein is also involved in the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).

Chromosome 7 Open Reading Frame 49 (C7ORF49) is affiliated with the lncRNA class. C7ORF49 characterizes the hamster ortholog and suggests that it may modulate the ability of the proteasome to degrade retroviral cores upon cellular infection.

Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) is a membrane receptor for both human hepatitis A virus (HHAV) and TIMD4. HAVCR1 is a type I trans-membrane structural glycoprotein located in the renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. HAVCR1 protein may be involved in the control of asthma and allergic diseases. The reference genome represents an allele which retains a MTTVP amino acid segment that presents defense against atopy in HHAV seropositive individuals.

Ras-related protein Rab-22A (RAB22A) belongs to the RAB family of small GTPases. The GTP-bound form of the RAB22A interacts with early-endosomal antigen 1, and may be involved in the transferring of and interaction between endosomal compartments.

Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB (RhoB) belongs to the Rho GTP-binding protein family. RhoB facilitates apoptosis in neoplastically transformed cells after DNA damage. RhoB has a negative role in tumorigenesis since deletion causes tumor formation.

TCL1A (T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1A) is a protein with a possible role in intracellular regulation of T cell signaling. TCL1A enhances cell proliferation, stabilizes mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes cell survival. TCL1A is restricted in the T-cell lineage to immature thymocytes and activated peripheral lymphocytes. TCL1A is preferentially expressed early in T and B-lymphocyte differentiation. Chromosomal anomalies activating TCL1A are found in chronic T-cell leukemias (T-CLL).
TCL1A enhances the phosphorylation and activation of AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3. TCL1A promotes nuclear translocation of AKT1. TCL1A binds to the pleckstrin homology domain of Akt (protein kinase B) family proteins, which facilitates Akt dimerization and activity. By increasing Akt activity, TCL1A can enhance the serine/threonine phosphorylation of major Akt signaling substrates, for example Ikk complex, mTOR, BAD, p70S6 kinase, FOXO transcription factors and GSK3b. These substrates regulate cellular differentiation, growth, survival, and metabolism.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Alpha or LIFR is a protein, part of the Interleukin-6 receptor group of proteins. As such, LIFR acts as a mediator for various proteins (IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, Oncostatin M etc). LIFR has many functions as a cytokine, he has an affect on the cell proliferation, differentiation and survival in the different stages of life. In different types of breast cancer LIFR is down regulated, and as such, can be used as a prognostic tool.

FeLV is an RNA virus, a member of the Retroviridae family and Oncovirinae subfamily. FeLV retrovirus infects cats and is transferred from infected cats by saliva or nasal secretions. FeLV causes immunosuppression in domestic cats and larger wild cat populations such as cheetahs and lions and is the cause for a form of cancer of the blood cells called lymphocytes (a leukemia) which can be lethal.