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PPM1G is part of the PP2C family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases which are known to be negative regulators of cell stress response pathways. PPM1G is accountable for the dephosphorylation of Pre-mRNA splicing factors, an important factor for the formation of functional spliceosome. PPM1G regulates cell cycle progression. PPM1G mediates histone dephosphorylation/exchange in response to DNA damage or checkpoint recovery in higher eukaryotes. The degradation of p21/WAF1 induced by PPM1G is mediated in a proteasome-dependent manner. Protein phosphatase 1G regulates assembly and function of the beta-catenin degradation complex.

SENP8 is a cysteine protease which belongs to the sentrin-specific protease family. SENP8 takes part in processing and deconjugation of the ubiquitin-like protein labeled, neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 8(NEDD8).

Myosin Light Chain 6B (MYL6B) is a heavy chain regulator located in smooth muscle and non-muscle Myosin complexes. Contractile activity in the smooth muscle is regulated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of Myosin light chain by Myosin light chain kinase. MYL6B doesn’t bind calcium during contraction. MYL6B is mostly found as a hexamer consisting of 4 light chains and 2 heavy chains. MYL6B usually interacts with Myosin Va, an Actin based motor which moves in large steps. MYL6B is expressed in the majority of tissues with neurons, while smooth muscle tissue having the highest expression.

Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Esterase L1 (UCHL1) is a part of a family whose products hydrolyze small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to create the ubiquitin monomer. UCHL1 is a part of the ubiquitin system, which regulates many biological activities. UCHL1 is a thiol protease that distinguishes and hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. UCHL1 binds to free monoubiquitin and avoids its degradation in lysosomes.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound types of GST are encoded by 2 different supergene families. There are 8 classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are arranged in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and aare highly polymorphic. These genetic differences can change an individual's resistance to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with the rise in a number of cancers.

Myeloid differentiation antigen Gr1 (Ly6G) is a GPI-anchored protein, which is briefly expressed on monocytes in the bone marrow. The level of the Ly6G expression in the bone marrow completely correlates with granulocyte differentiation and maturation. Ly6G ligation on murine neutrophils inhibits neutrophil recruitment, thus providing the first evidence of a function for the Ly6G molecule. Ly6G is seen primarily on neutrophils, also in a subgroup of eosinophils, differentiating pre-monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

Borrelia belongs to a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Borrelia causes borreliosis, which is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted mainly by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 are distinguished to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The main Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii. The Borrelia genus members have a linear chromosome which is about 900 kbp in length as well as an excess of both linear and circular plasmids in the 5-220 kbp size range. The plasmids are atypical, as compared to most bacterial plasmids, since they contain many paralogous sequences, a large number of pseudogenes and, in some cases, essential genes. Moreover, a number of the plasmids have features suggesting that they are prophages.

Methionine sulfoxide reductase B3 (MSRB3) is a member of the methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSR) family proteins. MSRB3 catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. The MSRB3 enzyme acts as a monomer and requires zinc as a cofactor. MSRs are thought to defend against reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative damage in various organs, including the most environmentally exposed organ, the human skin. MSRB3 has a vital role in cold tolerance by eliminating MetO and ROS which accumulate at the ER during cold acclimation.

Iduronate 2-Sulfatase also known as IDS, belongs to the highly-conserved sulfatase family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of O-sulfate and N-salfate esters from a variety of substrates. IDS is essential for the lysosomal degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) heparan sulfate as well as dermatan sulfate. Furthermore, IDS hydrolyzes the 2-sulfate group of the IDS units of the GAG.

The protein encoded by LAMP2 belongs to a family of membrane glycoproteins. This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands LAMP2 takes part in tumor cell metastasis and in addition has a role in the protection, maintenance, and adhesion of the lysosome. The effect of alternative splicing of this gene is multiple transcript variants encoding distinct proteins.

Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS) is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase which catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to postaglandin D2 (PGD2). PTGDS is may have vital roles in both maturation and maintenance of the central nervous system and male reproductive system. PTGDS is the most abundant protein in the cerebral spinal fluid and recent evidence suggests that PTGDS acts as a beta-amyloid chaperone and may play a role in the deposition of Ab plaques in Alzheimer’s disease.

RAET1E is a member of the MHC class I family. MHC class I family contains main histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related genes positioned in a cluster on chromosome 6q24.2-q25.3. RAET1E and RAET1G protein are different from other RAET1 proteins since they have type I membrane-spanning sequences at their C termini instead glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor sequences.RAET1E acts as a ligand for NKG2D receptor, expressed on the surface of numerous types of immune cells, involves in innate adaptive immune reactions.RAET1E delivers signals to NK cells and advances tumor immune surveillance by inducing the growth of anti-tumor cytotoxic lymphocyte.

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. HK3 encodes hexokinase 3. Similar to hexokinases 1 and 2, this allosteric enzyme is inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate. Hexokinase3 lacks the hydrophobic N-terminal sequence critical for targeting to mitochondria. Hexpkinase3 may have anabolic functions, providing H6P for glycogen or lipid synthesis.

The PI3Kb isoform can be activated by insulin via the insulin receptor to initiate a cascade of events that control cell growth and metabolism. The activation of
PI3Kb is mediated by the p85 regulatory subunit binding to tyrosine phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins (e.g. IRS-1 and IRS-2).
It was also shown that PI3Kb is involved in apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Injection of neutralizing antibodies specific to p110b in WiDr,
HCT116 and CO 115 adenocarcinoma cells inhibited de novo DNA synthesis.
PI3Kb is the major PI3K isoform required for apoptotic cell and Fc-g receptor mediated phagocytosis shown for primary mouse macrophages and the Jurkat human leukemia T cell line.
It was shown by several research groups that the catalytic subunit of PI3Kb can be activated by Gbg subunits of G-protein coupled receptors.

Caseine Kinase 1 alpha belongs is a member of the protein kinase superfamily, CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family, Casein kinase I subfamily. The CK1 isoforms - alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon and their splice variants are involved in diverse cellular processes including membrane trafficking, circadian rhythm, cell cycle progression, chromosome segregation, apoptosis and cellular differentiation. Possibly CSNK1A1 can phosphorylate a large number of proteins and is involved in Wnt signaling where it phosphorylates CTNNB1 on Ser45. CSNK1A1 also interacts with the Axin complex.

Methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) from Escherichia coli is a member of the msrB Met sulfoxide reductase family. The E.coli msrB carries out the reduction of methionine-R-sulfoxide to methionine. msrB possess a metal binding site composed of 2 CXXC motifs. The bound metal (zinc or iron) may stabilize the conformation of the enzymes.

Dual specificity phosphatase 18 (DUSP18) belongs to the dual-specificity phosphatase (DSP) family, which catalyzes dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine residues. DUSP18 has a preferential enzymatic activity for phosphorylated tyrosine residues over threonine residues, in addition DUSP18 dephosphorylates p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) in vitro. Furthermore, DUSP18 is inhibited by iodoarectic acid and is activated by manganese ions. DUSP18 is extensively expressed with the highest levels in the liver, brain, ovary and testis.

DYNLL1 is a protein that cooperates with NOS1 causing NOS1 inhibition. Binding of DYNLL1 weakens NOS1 (Neuronal nitric oxide synthase) dimer, a conformation needed for activity, and it regulates several biologic processes through its effects on nitric oxide synthase activity. DYNLL1 is a ubiquitously expressed protein that demonstrates high expression in testis and moderate expression in brain.

REV1 Polymerase (REV1) contains a BRCT domain, which is imperative in protein-protein interactions. REV1 is a deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair. REV1 assists in the 1st step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the incorporation of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. REV1 is essential for normal generation of mutations by physical and chemical agents. REV1 transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. A role for the human Rev1-like protein has been suggested as a scaffold which recruits DNA polymerases involved in translesion synthesis (TLS) of damaged DNA.

Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase A (msrA) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine. MSRA may have a significant function as a repair enzyme for proteins which have been inactivated by oxidation.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Tissue plasminogen activator (abbreviated PLAT or tPA) is a secreted serine proteasewhich converts the proenzymeplasminogento plasmin, a fibrinolyticenzyme. Plasminogen is synthesized as a single chain which is cleaved by PLAT into the two chain disulfide linked plasmin.
This enzyme plays a role in cell migrationand tissue remodeling. Increased enzymatic activity causes hyperfibrinolysis, which manifests as excessive bleeding; decreased activity leads to hypofibrinolysiswhich can result in thrombosisor embolism.

AK3L1 is an affiliate of the adenylate kinase family of enzymes. AK3L1 enzyme is restricted to the mitochondrial matrix. Adenylate kinases-3 regulates the adenine and guanine nucleotide compositions within a cell by means of catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate group among these nucleotides. 5 different isozymes of adenylate kinase have been identified in vertebrates. The enzyme expression of various adenylate kinase isozymes is growth regulated and tissue-specific.

Thymidylate synthase catalyzes the methylation of deoxyuridylate to deoxythymidylate using 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate as a cofactor which maintains the dTMP (thymidine-5-prime monophosphate) pool vital for DNA replication and repair. Thymidylate synthase plays an important role as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Thymidylate synthase is the primary site of action for 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2-prime-deoxyuridine, and several folate analogs.