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TXNDC12 is a member of the thioredoxin super family. This Family members have a thioredoxin fold with a consensus active-site sequence (CxxC) and take part in redox regulation, protection against oxidative stress, refolding of disulfide-containing proteins, and regulation of transcription factors.

Cor a 9, an 11S legumin-like seed storage globulin is a major allergen from Corylus avellana. Cor a 9 is associated with severe systemic reactions. Sensitization to Cor a 9 indicates primary hazelnut allergy.

HSP70 is a human heat shock protein. HSP-70 is an important part of the cell's machinery for protein folding, and help to protect cells from stress. In most species, there are many proteins that belong to the HSP70 family. Some of these are only expressed under stress conditions, while some are present in cells under normal growth conditions and are not heat-inducible. They can be found in different cellular compartments (nuclear, cytosolic, mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, etc...).

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(z) subunit alpha (GNAZ) belongs to the G protein subfamily which mediates signal transduction in pertussis toxin-insensitive systems. GNAZ has a role in maintaining the ionic balance of perilymphatic and endolymphatic cochlear fluids. G proteins are involved as modulators or transducers in a variety of transmembrane signaling systems.

B lymphoid kinase (BLK) is a 55kDa tyrosine kinase with SH3, SH2, and catalytic domains which contain consensus sequences of the Src protein tyrosine kinase family. BLK is a nonreceptor tyrosine-kinase belonging to the src family of proto-oncogenes which are typically involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. The BLK protein is expressed specifically in the B cell lineage and has a role in the signal-transduction pathway which is restricted to B lymphoid cells. In addition, BLK stimulates ins. synthesis and secretion in response to glucose and increases the expression of several pancreatic beta-cell transcription factors.

DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 24 (DNAJC24) belongs to the ZCSL family of proteins and each contain one DPH-type zinc finger. DNAJC24 is involved in the synthesis of diphthamide, a protein found on translation elongation factor EF-2 which is the target of bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins. DNAJC24 stimulates the ATPase activity of few Hsp70-type chaperones. DNAJC24 detected in heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, kidney and testis.

S100 calcium binding protein A5 (S100A5) belongs to the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 family members are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A5 has a Ca2+ affinity 20-100 fold higher than the other S100 proteins investigated under identical conditions. Furthermore, S100A5 protein binds Zn2+ and Cu2+, and Cu2+ strongly which harms the binding of Ca2+. S100A5 is expressed in very limited regions of the adult brain.

Sonic Hedgehog is part of a small group of secreted proteins which are vital for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 3 mammalian hedgehog genes (sonic, desert, Indian) share about 60% homology. The Human Sonic Hedgehog is 99% homologous to the mouse gene. Sonic HedgeHog is a protein that is vital in guding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which functions in association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is essential for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Sonic HedgeHog exhibits both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. Mutations in a long-range Sonic HedgeHog enhancer located in an intron of the limb region 1 gene result in preaxial polydactyly.

Calbindin 1 (CALB1) is a calcium binding protein that is a member of the troponin C superfamily. CALB1 plays a vital role in calcium regulation (including calcium transport and uptake, calcification of bone and teeth) and calcium associated signaling in neurons and transiently in embryological development. CALB1 also has a role in protecting neurons from apoptotic cell death. CALB1 buffers cytosolic calcium and may stimulate a membrane Ca2+-ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. The biological function of CALB1 seems to be tied to the redox state of its five cysteine residues.
CALB1 has 4 active calcium-binding domains, and 2 modified domains that seemingly have lost their calcium-binding ability. CALB1 is expressed in neural tissues. In the brain, the CALB1 synthesis is independent of vitamin-D-derived hormones.
Disregulation of the CALB1 is associated with epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease. The neurons in brains of Huntington disease patients are calbindin-depleted.

Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMG) is a cell membrane protein which contains 8 leucine-rich repeats. The OMG protein is expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes and on large projection neurons, including Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, motoneurons of the brainstem and anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The neurite outgrowth inhibitory activities of all three myelin-derived proteins are mediated by binding to a joint receptor complex consisting of the Nogo receptor and the p75 neurotrophin receptor.

TPM1 is a member of the tropomyosin family which consists of a number of extremely conserved, extensively distributed 35-45 kDa actin-binding proteins that are involved in the contractile system of striated and smooth muscles and the cytoskeleton of non-muscle cells. Tropomyosin-1 is composed of 2 alpha-helical chains arranged as a coiled-coil. TPM1 is polymerized end to end alongside the two grooves of actin filaments and provides stability to the filaments. TPM1 binds to actin filaments in muscle and non-muscle cells. TPM1 also functions in association with the troponin complex to regulate the calcium-dependent interaction of actin and myosin during muscle contraction. In non-muscle cells TPM1 is implicated in stabilizing cytoskeleton actin filaments. Smooth muscle contraction is controlled by interaction with caldesmon.
Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding a range of isoforms have been described in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. TPM1 Isoform 1 is expressed in adult and fetal skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues, with higher expression levels in the cardiac tissues, whereas Isoform 10 is expressed in adult and fetal cardiac tissues, but not in skeletal muscle.
Mutations in the TPM1 gene are linked to type 3 familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

The NOP16 protein is transcriptionally regulated by c-Myc and upregulated in breast cancer. NOP16 overexpression is linked with poor patient survival.

S100A6 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. S100 proteins are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21.
S100A6 may function in stimulation prolactin secretion, and exocytosis. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of the S100A6 gene are implicated in melanoma.

Borrelia belongs to a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Borrelia causes borreliosis, which is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted mainly by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 are distinguished to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The main Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii. The Borrelia genus members have a linear chromosome which is about 900 kbp in length as well as an excess of both linear and circular plasmids in the 5-220 kbp size range. The plasmids are atypical, as compared to most bacterial plasmids, since they contain many paralogous sequences, a large number of pseudogenes and, in some cases, essential genes. Moreover, a number of the plasmids have features suggesting that they are prophages.

CKS1B protein which binds to the catalytic subunit of cyclin dependent kinases is vital for their biological function. The CKS1B mRNA is expressed in HeLa cells during the course of cell cycle in several forms which suggests that the encoded protein has a particular function. Two transcript variants were identified for this gene however it seems that only one of them encodes a protein.

USH1C gene product Harmonin, is a scaffold protein which functions in the assembly of Usher protein complexes. Harmonin is able to attach to various proteins in cell membranes and coordinate their activities. Harmonin contains PDZ domains, a coiled-coil region with a bipartite nuclear localization signal and a PEST degradation sequence. USH1C is expressed in the small intestine, colon, kidney, eye, vestibule of the inner ear and weakly in the pancreas.
Mutations in the USH1C gene cause the Usher syndrome type I which is an autosomal recessive sensory defect involving congenital profound sensorineural deafness, vestibular dysfunction, and blindness due to progressive retinitis pigmentosa. Sensorineural deafness is caused by damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information. The 3 types of the Usher syndrome (1- 3) are distinguished by age at onset and differences in auditory and vestibular function. USH1C gene defects cause of non-syndromic sensorineural deafness autosomal recessive type 18 (DFNB18), is a form of sensorineural hearing loss.

GINS4, a member of the GINS4/SLD5 family, has a key part in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS4 is significant for GINS complex assembly. GINS complex connects favorably to singlestranded DNA. Recombinant human GINS4 protein, fused to His-tag at N-terminus was purified by using conventional chromatography techniques.

Fibronectin Leucine Rich Transmembrane Protein 3, also known as FLRT3 is a member of the fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein (FLRT) family. FLRT3 contains one fibronectin type-III domain as well as 10 LRR (leucine-rich) repeats and is expressed in the kidney, brain, pancreas, skeletal muscle, lung, liver, placenta, and heart. In addition, the members of the FLRT family play a role in cell adhesion as well as receptor signaling. FLRT3 has been implicated in neurite outgrowth after nerve damage, as a positive regulator of FGF signalling and in homotypic cell adhesion. Furthermore, FLRT3 has an essential function in regulating cellular adhesion among the epithelial apical ridge and the underlying mesenchyme and also in the establishment of the dorso-ventral position of the ridge.

Frizzled-Related Protein (FRZB) is a secreted protein which is involved in the regulation of bone development. FRZB gene defects cause the female-specific osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility. sFRPS (Soluble frizzled-related proteins) serve as modulators of Wnt signaling by way of direct interaction with Wnts. sFRPS have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP3/FRZB is involved in limb skeletogenesis. FRZB regulates chondrocyte maturation and long bone development.

Cysteine protease ATG4B (ATG4B) belongs to the autophagin protein family. Autophagy is the manner by which endogenous proteins and damaged organelles are destroyed intracellularly. Autophagy is vital for cell homeostasis and cell remodeling during differentiation, metamorphosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and aging. ATG4B is a cysteine protease necessary for autophagy, which cleaves the C-terminal part of either MAP1LC3, GABARAPL2 or GABARAP, allowing the liberation of form I. A subpopulation of form I is then transformed to a smaller form (form II). Form II, with an exposed C-terminal glycine, is deemed to be the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugated form, and is capable of binding to autophagosomes. Reduced levels of autophagy are seen in some malignant tumors; therefore autophagy may have a role in controlling the unregulated cell growth linked to cancer.

NCS1 is part of the neuronal calcium sensor gene family, which encode calcium-binding proteins expressed primarily in neurons. NCS1 regulates G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner and can substitute for calmodulin. NCS1 is related with secretory granules and modulates synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. NCS1 regulates GRK1 and substitutes for calmodulin. NCS1 stimulates PI4KB kinase activity and participates in long-term synaptic plasticity through its interaction with PICK1. NCS1 takes part in neuron differentiation through inhibition of the activity of N-type voltage-gated calcium channel.

Ro 60 kDa autoantigen is an RNA-binding protein that binds to several small cytoplasmic RNA molecules known as Y RNAs. SSA2 may stabilize these RNAs from degradation. Sera taken from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) often contains antibodies that react with the normal cellular SSA2 protein as if this antigen was foreign.

Immunoglobulin Lambda-Like Polypeptide 1 (IGLL1) is one of the substitute light chain subunits and is a part of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily which does not undergo rearrangement. Two transcript variants encoding diverse isoforms have been found for IGLL1. Mutations in IGLL1 can bring about B cell deficiency and agammaglobulinemia, an autosomal recessive disease in which few or no gamma globulins or antibodies are made.