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Endothelial cells express three different vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, belonging to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). They are named VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1), VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). Their expression is almost exclusively restricted to endothelial cells, but VEGFR-1 can also be found on monocytes. All VEGF-receptors have seven immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains, a single transmembrane region and an intracellular split tyrosine kinase domain. VEGFR-2 has a lower affinity for VEGF than the Flt-1 receptor, but a higher signaling activity. Mitogenic activity in endothelial cells is mainly mediated by VEGFR-2 leading to their proliferation.
Differential splicing of the flt-1 gene leads to the formation of a secreted, soluble variant of VEGFR-1 (sVEGFR-1). No naturally occuring, secreted forms of VEGFR-2 have so far been reported. The binding of VEGF165 to VEGFR-2 is dependent on heparin.

TDP1 belongs to the phospholipase D family and contains two PLD phosphodiesterase domains. TDP1 is involved in repairing stalled topoisomerase I-DNA complexes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond between the tyrosine residue of topoisomerase I and the 3-prime phosphate of DNA. TDP1 may also remove glycolate from single-stranded DNA containing 3-prime phosphoglycolate, suggesting a role in repair of free-radical mediated DNA double-strand breaks. Mutations in the TDP1 gene are linked to the disease spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1).

Canopy FGF Signaling Regulator 4 (CNPY4) is a part of the canopy family which owns one saposin B-type domain. CNPY4 takes part in the regulation process of the cell surface expression of TLR4.

VEGF-C, also known as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Related Protein (VRP), is a recently discovered VEGF growth factor family member that is most closely related to VEGF-D. Human VEGF-C cDNA encodes a pre-pro-protein of 416 amino acids residues. It is almost identical to the mouse VEGF-C protein. Similar to VEGF-D, VEGF-C has a VEGF homology domain spanning the middle third of the precursor molecule and long N- and C-terminal extensions. In adults, VEGF-C is highly expressed in heart, placenta, ovary and small intestine. Recombinant human VEGF-C, lacking the N- and C-terminal extensions and containing only the middle VEGF homology domain, forms primarily non-covalently linked dimers. This protein is a ligand for both VEGFR-2/KDR and VEGFR-3/FLT-4. Since VEGFR-3 is strongly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells, it has been postulated that VEGF-C is involved in the regulation of the growth and/or differentiation of lymphatic endothelium. Although recombinant human VEGF-C is also a mitogen for vascular endothelial cells, it is much less potent than VEGF-A.

N-alpha-acetyltransferase 50 (NAA50) consists of 169 amino acid cytoplasmic protein belonging to the acetyltransferase family and GNAT subfamily. NAA50 is a likely catalytic component of the ARD1A-NARG1 complex which displays alpha acetyltransferase activity. NAA50 has also been shown to interact with MAK10 and is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 3q13.2.

NMNAT1 enzyme is vital for NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. NMNAT1 is widely expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney. This protein appears to have the ability to protect against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults.

g-synuclein(Originally known as a breast cancer specific gene product, BCSG1) is an acidic neuronal protein of 127 amino acids. Gamma-Synuclein is a member of the Synuclein protein family, which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. High levels of Gamma-Synuclein have been found in advanced breast carcinomas suggesting a correlation between overexpression of SNCG and breast tumor development. Synuclein-Gamma is found mostly in the peripheral nervous system (in primary sensory neurons, sympathetic neurons, and motor neurons) and retina. SNCG is also identified in the brain, ovarian tumors, and in the olfactory epithelium. SNCG expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression. A modification in the expression of gamma-synuclein has been detected in the retina of Alzheimer's patients.

SNUPN is a nuclear import adaptor protein which is part of the Snurportin family.
SNUPN is Localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus and contains an N-terminal IBB domain and a trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap binding domain. SNUPN binds specifically the terminal 2,2,7-m3G-cap at the 5'' end of U snRNPs and is involved in transport of U snRNPs into the nucleus through an association with Importin β.

TIGAR is a p53-inducible enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose-2-6 bisphosphate (F-2-6-BP) to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. F-2-6-BP is an influential activator of 6-phosphofructose-1 kinase (the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis). By lowering the intracellular level of F-2-6-BP, TIGAR expression leads to increased glucose processing through the pentose phosphate pathway, the main cellular source for NADPH.

Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM) is the first rate limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. The GCLM enzyme is comprised of 2 subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. GCLM deficiency is associated with some forms of hemolytic anemia.

GGH is a homodimeric protein which catalyzes the cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl chain of folylpoly-gamma-glutamyl substrates. GGH is a vital enzyme in folyl and antifolyl poly-gamma-glutamate metabolism and it has a significant part in the bioavailability of dietary pteroylpolyglutamates and in the metabolism of antifolates and pteroylpolyglutamates.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates it effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. The gene for CXCL3 is located on chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.

CNDP Dipeptidase 2 (CNDP2), is a cytosolic, non-specific dipeptidase which is a part of the peptidase M20A protein family. CNDP2 is a secreted peptidase homologous to M20 peptidases. CNDP2 expresses through all adult and fetal tissue, though, an isoform missing exons 3 and 4 expresses in all fetal tissue in adult liver. Over expression of CPGL-B in hepatocellular carcinoma cells results in significant inhibition of HC cell viability, colony formation, cell invasiveness and tumor configuration.

The cytokine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified to be secreted by the pituitary gland and the monocyte/macrophage and to play an important role in endotoxic shock. MIF has the unique property of being released from macrophages and T cells in response to physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. The secretion of MIF is tightly regulated and decreases at high, anti-inflammatory steroid concentration.

Upstream Transcription Factor 1 (USF1) belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family, and functions as a cellular transcription factor. USF1 activates transcription via pyrimidine-rich initiator (Inr) elements and E-box motifs. The USF1 gene has been linked to familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). USF1 is a transcription factor which binds to a symmetrical DNA sequence (E-boxes) (5'-CACGTG-3') found in a various viral and cellular promoters.

Aspartylglucosaminidase, also known as AGA, takes part in the catabolism of Nlinked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. AGA is a protein coding gene which cleaves asparagine from N-acetylglucosamines in the lysosomal breakdown of glycoproteins.

N-Acetylgalactosaminidase Alpha (NAGA) is a lysosomal exoglycosidase which removes terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine residues from glycopeptides and glycolipids. NAGA is necessary for the breakdown of glycolipids.

GOT2 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which is found in cytoplasmic and inner-membrane mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2. GOT2 participates in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Both enzymes are homodimeric and demonstrate close homology.

Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase 2 (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination among alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 expressed mainly in muscle, fat and kidney and participates in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids.

Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) is a member of the glutathione peroxidase family, consisting of 8 known glutathione peroxidases (Gpx1-8) in humans. Glutathione peroxidase functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, and is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in humans. GPX2 may have a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested organic hydroperoxides. GPX2 is one of only a few proteins known in higher vertebrates to contain selenocysteine, which appears at the active site of glutathione peroxidase and is coded by the nonsense (stop) codon TGA.

EIF1AX is an important eukaryotic translation initiation factor. EIF1AX is essential for the binding of the 43S complex (a 40S subunit, eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi and eIF3) to the 5'' end of capped RNA. EIF1AP1 is needed for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. EIF1AX increases ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA (I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.

EPGN is an EGF-related polypeptide growth factor that signals through the ErbB receptor-1. EPGN is produced in numerous tissues, including the testis, liver, heart and in certain tumor cells. EPGN is mitogenic for fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Human EPGN is originally synthesized as a glycosylated 14.7 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a mature soluble sequence.

C1QTNF7 is a collagen type-IV specific for basement membranes.