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Legumain, also known as LGMN is a lysosomal cysteine protease which is found in all mouse tissues, however it was mainly abundant in the kidney as well as placenta. LGMN plays an essential role in the endosomal/lysosomal degradation system as the Legumain deficiency causes the accumulation of pro cathepsins B, H & L, another group of lysosomal cysteine proteases. Furthermore, over expression of LGMN in tumors is important for invasion/metastasis.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor also called LIF is a lymphoid factor that promotes long-term maintenance of embryonic stem cells by suppressing spontaneous differentiation. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor has several functions such as cholinergic neuron differentiation, control of stem cell pluripotency, bone & fat metabolism, mitogenesis of factor dependent cell lines & promotion of megakaryocyte production in vivo. Human and mouse LIF exhibit a 78% identity in its amino acid sequence.

UFM1-Specific Peptidase 1 (UFSP1) is similar to other Ufm1-specific proteases. Studies in mice determined that Ufsp1 releases ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1) from its bound conjugated complexes which also makes it into an active form. Sincethe human UFSP1 protein is shorter on the N-terminus and lacks a conserved Cys active site, it is expected to be non-functional.

CRH is a powerful stimulator of synthesis and secretion of preopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. CRH concentration in the human peripheral circulation is usually low. The concentration rises during pregnancy and fall back quickly after parturition. Maternal plasma CRH most likely originates from the placenta. Human plasma has a CRH-binding protein that inactivates CRH and can inhibit inappropriate pituitary-adrenal stimulation in pregnancy.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormonethat is released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneysto conserve water, but not salt, by concentrating the urineand reducing urine volume. It also raises blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. It has various effects in the brain.
A very similar substance, lysine vasopressin (LVP) or lypressin, has the same function in pigsand is often used in human therapy.
Vasopressin is a peptide hormone. It is derived from a preprohormoneprecursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus, from which it is liberated during transport to the posterior pituitary. Most of it is stored in the posterior partof the pituitary glandto be released into the blood stream; some of it is also released directly into the brain.
AVP allows water reabsorption by the introduction of additional water channels in cortical and inner medullary collecting ducts.

Calretinin is an intracellular calcium-binding protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily characterized by a structural motif described as the EF-hand domain. The immunohistochemical detection of calretinin in developing cerebellum is restricted to the later stages indicated by weak staining from week 21 of gestation, in Purkinje and basket cells and in neurons of the dentate nucleus. The intensity of staining increases as the cerebellum matures. In tumors, calretinin has been detected in mesotheliomas and some pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

Mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility 1 (MEMO1) is a member of the UPF0103 family. MEMO1 regulates cell migration by transmitting extracellular chemotactic signals to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Furthermore, MEMO1 controls the localization of APC and CLASP2 to the cell membrane, using the regulation of GSK3B activity. MEMO1 is essential for breast carcinoma cell migration, suggesting a key role in tumorigenesis. MEMO1 is also a mediator of ERBB2 signaling.

CRYGC is a member of the beta/gamma-crystallin family. Mammalian lens crystallins are distributed into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Gamma-crystallins are a homogeneous group of extremely symmetrical, monomeric proteins usually missing connecting peptides and terminal extensions and are differentially regulated after early development. Three pseudogenes (gamma-E,F,G) and four gamma-crystallin genes (gamma-A,B,C,D) are structured in a genomic sector as a gene cluster. Gamma-crystallins are involved in cataract formation as a result of aging or mutations in specific genes. Mutations in CRYGC result in cataract Coppock-like (CCL) and cataract autosomal dominant (ADC).

S100A7 is a member of the S-100 family of calcium binding proteins and is produced through a non-classical secretory pathway to the cytoplasm. S100A7 takes part in the regulation of several cellular courses, such as cell cycle, cell progression and cellular differentiation. S100A7 holds two EF-hand domains and is extremely upregulated in psoriatic epidermis, in addition to bladder squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer tissue, signifying a probable part in carcinogenesis.

Cathepsin-E also known as CTSE is a gastric aspartyl protease which functions as a disulfide-linked homodimer. CTSE belongs to the peptidase C1 family; furthermore it has specificity similar to pepsin A and cathepsin D. CTSE is an intracellular proteinase which does not seem to be involved in the digestion of dietary protein and is found in the uppermost concentration in the surface of epithelial mucus-producing cells of the stomach. CTSE is the first aspartic proteinaseexpressed in the fetal stomach and is discovered in more than half of gastric cancers. For that reason CTSE is anoncofetal antigen. In addition, transcript variants utilizing alternative polyadenylation signals and two transcript variantsencoding different isoforms exist for this gene.

Cathepsin-L also known as CTSL is a member of the peptidase C1 family. CTSL, is a dimer composed of disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, both formed from a single protein precursor. Furthermore, CTSL is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase which takes a main part in intracellular protein catabolism. CTSL substrates include collagen and elastin, as well as alpha-1 protease inhibitor, which is the most important controlling element of neutrophil elastase activity. CTSL has been implicated in a number of pathologic processes, including myofibril necrosis in myopathies and in myocardial ischemia, and in the renal tubular response to proteinuria. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for CTSL.

Hemopexin (or haemopexin) is a plasma protein that binds heme with the highest affinity of any known protein. Hemopexin is generally expressed in liver, and belongs to acute phase reactants, the synthesis of which is induced after inflammation. Heme is potentially very toxic because of its ability to intercalate into lipid membrane and to generate hydroxyl radicals. Hemopexin’s function of scavenging the heme released or lost by the turnover of heme proteins such as hemoglobin defends the body from the oxidative damage that free heme can cause. Additionally, hemopexin discharges its bound ligand for internalisation upon interacting with a specific receptor located on the surface of liver cells. This hemopexin function is in order to preserve the body's iron. Hemopexin’s levels in the serum are an indication of how much heme is present in the blood. Low Hemopexin levels show that there is a lot of it in the serum. For that reason, low hemopexin levels indicate that there has been consid

Cytohesin-interacting protein, also known as CYTIP contains 2 leucine zipper domains as well as a putative C-terminal nuclear targeting signal. However, CYTIP does not contain any hydrophobic regions. In addition, CYTIP is expressed weakly in resting NK and T cells. It also modulates the activation of ARF genes by CYTH1.

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.

Annexin VII is a member of the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins. Annexin VII has molecular weight of approximately 51 kDa with a unique, highly hydrophobic N-terminal domain of 167 amino acids and a conserved C-terminal region of 299 amino acids. The latter domain is composed of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments. Structural analysis of the protein suggests that Annexin VII is a membrane binding protein with diverse properties including voltage-sensitive calcium channel activity, ion selectivity and membrane fusion.

Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 (ARHGDIA) is a member of the RAS gene superfamily, which encodes small guanine nucleotide exchange (GTP/GDP) factors. ARHGDIA, which is localized to the cytoplasm, inhibits the dissociation of GDP from Rho proteins, thus preventing GTP from binding to and consequently activating Rho proteins. In humans, the ARHGDIA can be phosphorylated at Ser 101 by p21-activated kinase, an event that inhibits its activity and may result in positive feedback regulation of several ARHGDIA target proteins.

Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein secreted by Streptomyces avidinii which binds firmly to biotin. Streptavidin is widely used in molecular biology through its unique high affinity for the vitamin biotin. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the biotin-streptavidin complex is about ~10-15 mol/L. The strong affinity recognition of biotin and biotinylated molecules has made streptavidin one of the most important components in diagnostics and laboratory kits. The streptavidin/biotin system has one of the biggest free energies of association of yet observed for noncovalent binding of a protein and small ligand in aqueous solution (K_assoc = 10**14). The complexes are also extremely stable over a wide range of temperature and pH.

CACYBP (calcyclin binding protein) participates in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteosomal degradation of target proteins. CACYBP acts as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. CACYBP is involved in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin.

Placental Lactogen is a polypeptide hormone that is produced by the Syncytiotrophoblasts of the Placenta, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both Growth Hormone and Prolactin activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.
Placental Lactogen Bovine is also capable of activating human and other heterologous GH receptors but not ruminat GH receptors.

FUBP1 is a ssDNA binding protein which stimulates expression of c-myc in undifferentiated cells and activates the far upstream element (FUSE) of c-myc. Regulation of FUSE by FUBP happens by single-strand binding of FUBP to the non-coding strand. FUBP1 performs as an ATP-dependent DNA helicase.

Cytokeratin 17 also known as KRT17 is a type I cytokeratin. KRT17 is found in nail beds, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and other epidermal appendages. Mutations in KRT17 lead to Jackson-Lawler type pachyonychia congenita and steatocystoma multiplex. KRT17 takes part in the formation and maintenance of a variety of skin appendages, particularly in determining shape and orientation of hair. KRT17 also modulates the function of TNF-alpha in the precise context of hair cycling. Moreover, KRT17 regulates protein synthesis and epithelial cell growth all through binding to the adapter protein SFN and by stimulating Akt/mTOR pathway.

Recombinant Human Lipocalin-2 also called Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) belongs to a family of lipocans which include 25 proteins (including a1-microglobulin and b-lactoglobulin), which are characterized by their ability to bind small lipophilic substances in their hydrophobic core.
They thereby serve as transporters of substances like retinal, biliverdins & prostaglandins. There are indications that NGAL is involved in modulation of the inflammatory response and is found in the plasma of patients after stroke.

Prolactin is a pituitary hormone involved in the stimulation of milk production, salt and water regulation, growth, development and reproduction. The initial step in its action is the binding to a specific membrane receptor (prolactin receptor) which belongs to the superfamily of class 1 cytokine receptors. The function of the prolactin receptor is mediated, at least in part, by two families of signaling molecules: Janus kinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription. Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone involved in a variety of important functions including ion transport and osmoregulation, stimulation of milk, protein synthesis as well as the regulation of numerous reproductive functions. PRL exerts its influence on different cell types through a signal transduction pathway which begins with the binding of the hormone to a transmembrane PRL receptor. Immunoreactive PRL receptor, a member of the cytokine receptor family, varies in size (short and long forms) with tissue source and species, from ~40 kDa to 100 kDa. The PRL receptor consists of at least three separate domains: an extracellular region with 5 cysteines which contains the prolactin binding site, a single transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic region, the length of which appears to influence ligand binding and regulate cellular function.

CKS1B protein which binds to the catalytic subunit of cyclin dependent kinases is vital for their biological function. The CKS1B mRNA is expressed in HeLa cells during the course of cell cycle in several forms which suggests that the encoded protein has a particular function. Two transcript variants were identified for this gene however it seems that only one of them encodes a protein.