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C17orf103 is a member of the GTLF3B family and is encoded by a gene which is located in human chromosome 17p11.2. BRCA1 and p53 are 2 main tumor suppressor genes which are linked to chromosome 17. Tumor suppressor p53 is necessary for maintenance of cellular genetic integrity by moderating cell fate through DNA repair versus cell death. C17orf103 is also related to neurofibromatosis, a disorder characterized by neural and epidermal lesions, and dysregulated Schwann cell growth.

Complement Factor Properdin (CFP) which is a plasma glycoprotein, is a positive regulator of the alternative complement pathway of the innate immune system. CFP binds and stabilizes the C3- and C5-convertase enzyme complexes in a feedback loop that eventually ends with formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the target cell. Mutations in CFP lead to 2 forms of properdin deficiency that cause high susceptibility to meningococcal infections.

Melanoregulin (MREG) takes part in membrane fusion and in regulating the biogenesis of disk membranes of photoreceptor rods. MREG is expressed in photoreceptor cells as two isoforms as a result of alternative splicing. MREG interacts with Peripherin-2, a photoreceptor specific tetraspanin protein which is required to preserve normal cell structure during the renewal process of membrane fusion. Moreover, MREG plays a part in the incorporation of pigments into hair.

Mycobacterium antigen ESAT-6 has been isolated from low molecular weight fractions of the shot-term-culture filtrate (ST-CF) and it can easily be detected in tuberculosis patients.
The export of ESAT-6 which is a potent T-cell antigen, and related proteins requires a dedicated secretory apparatus that is encoded by a group of genes, several of which also code for proteins that are recognized strongly by T cells. The ESAT-6 systems can consequently be considered as immunogenicity islands and there is mounting evidence that the equivalent genes are subject to selective pressure imposed by the immune system of the host.
This antigen includes many epitopes detectable in the serum of most patients with tuberculosis (more than 90%). By the attempts to obtain the vaccine on the basis of ESAT-6 it was demonstrated that the optimization of adjuvant is very important when using the combination of dioctadecylammonium bromide and monophosphoryllipide.
Recently it was shown that ESAT-6 is very potential as diagnostic for differentiation between the mycobacterial infection and BCG vaccination. The main topic in ESAT-6 using is in antibody production and in test-systems for tuberculosis elaboration.

Bestrophin 1 (BEST1) is a part of the bestrophin gene family and is also forms calcium-activated chloride-ion channels in epithelial. This small gene family is characterized by proteins with a highly conserved N-terminus with 4-6 transmembrane domains. BEST1 is extremely permeable to bicarbonate.

Biglycan (BGN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which takes part in assembly of collagen fibrils and muscle regeneration. BGN is closely correlated in structure to two other small proteoglycans, decorin and fibromodulin. BGN interacts with several proteins involved in muscular dystrophy, including alpha-dystroglycan, alpha- and gamma-sarcoglycan and collagen VI. BGN is also critical for the assembly of the dystrophin-associated protein complex.

GABARAPL1 [Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-associated protein-like 1] is a member of the MAP1 LC3 family. GABARAPL1 increases cell surface expression of kappa type opioid receptor through facilitating anterograde intracellular trafficking of the receptor.

Microseminoprotein is a member of the immunoglobulin binding factor family. It is synthesized by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland and secreted into the seminal plasma. This protein has inhibin-like activity. It may have a role as an autocrine paracrine factor in uterine, breast and other female reproductive tissues. The expression of the encoded protein is found to be decreased in prostate cancer. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms are described for this gene. The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for this gene.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein present in fetal digestive-tract tissues; it’s involved in cell adhesion. The production of CEA stops before birth. CEA is called tumor marker since its elevated levels are found in the serum from individuals with colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, lung and breast carcinomas and in heavy smokers.
There are also benign conditions that elevate CEA levels such as smoking, infection, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, and some benign tumors (in the equivalent organs which have cancers with elevated CEA). Typically, higher levels of CEA are found in men, smokers, and older individuals.
The presence of CEA assists in screening, in evaluating recurrent or disseminated disease, and in determining the success of surgical removal of malignant tumors.
CEA levels can be used as indicators of treatment success. The normal values range from 0.0 to 2.5 ng/ml of serum (from blood), in non-smokers, a greater amount than that may be suggestive of cancer. Levels above 20 ng/ml before treatment are associated with cancer which has already metastasized. Benign conditions do not usually cause a CEA increase over 10 ng/ml.
The high levels of CEA should return to normal after successful therapy, however if during follow up there’s an elevation in CEA levels it indicates a recurrence of tumor.
Carcinoembryonic antigen family belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily; it consists of 29 genes, 18 of which are normally expressed.

Lin28B is a member of the lin-28 family. LIN28 protein is a microRNA-binding protein that binds to and enhances the translation of the IGF-2 mRNA. Lin28B acts as a suppressor of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis by specifically binding the precursor let-7 (pre-let-7), a miRNA precursor. LIN28 is highly expressed in testis, fetal liver, placenta, and in primary human tumors and cancer cell lines.

DDIT4 has a role in the regulation of reactive oxygen species. DDIT4 is upregulated at the transcriptional level as a reaction to stress due to DNA damage and glucocorticoid treatment. DDIT4 negatively regulates the mammalian target of Rapamycin, a serine/threonine kinase frequently referred to as mTOR. DDIT4 is vital in the coupling of extra- and intracellular cues to mTOR regulation.

Inhibitor of DNA Binding 1 (ID1) is a helix-loop-helix protein which can form heterodimers with members of the basic HLH family of transcription factors. ID1 is lacking DNA binding activity and thus can inhibit the DNA binding and transcriptional activation ability of basic HLH proteins with which it interacts. ID1 participates in cell growth, senescence, and differentiation.

TIAL1 belongs to a family of RNA-binding proteins, it has 3 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), and binds adenine and uridine-rich elements in mRNA and pre-mRNAs of a extensive range of genes. TIAL1 regulates a variety of activities including translational control, splicing and apoptosis. TIAL1 different isoforms function differently with respect to post-transcriptional silencing.

SCG5 also called 7B2 protein is localized in neuroendocrine tissues. SCG5 functions as a chaperone protein for the proprotein convertase PC2 and is essential for the production of an active PC2 enzyme.

Inducible T-Cell Costimulator Ligand also known as ICOSLG, is part of the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules related to B7-1 and B7-2. ICOSLG is a transmembrane glycoprotein with extracellular IgV and IgC domains, in addition it binds to ICOS on activated T cells. The dependent signaling of ICOSLG takes part in a proliferative response.

Syntaxin-11 (STX11) belongs to the t-SNARE family. Syntaxin-11 regulates protein transport between late endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. STX11 interacts with the SNARE proteins SNAP-23 and VAMP. STX11 gene mutations are linked with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Vesicular overexpressed in cancer prosurvival protein 1 (VOPP1) has been previously shown to be over-expressed in human glioblastoma multiform and squamous cell carcinoma. VOPP1 is a crucial regulator of NF-kappaB signaling, and this high-level, amplification-mediated VOPP1 expression, such as that occurring in tumors with amplified EGFR, might impact the resistance to apoptosis.

GFP, also known as Green Fluorescent Protein, is a protein produced by the jellyfish (Aequorea Victoria) that produces bioluminescence in the green zone of the noticeable spectrum. Green Fluorescent Protein is a useful and ubiquitous instrument for producing chimeric proteins, where it functions as a fluorescent protein tag. GFP is expressed in most known cell types and is used as a noninvasive fluorescent marker in living cells and organisms. Green Fluorescent Protein permits a broad range of applications where it has functioned as a cell lineage tracer, reporter of gene expression, or as a measure of protein-protein interactions. Enhanced GFP (eGFP) has F64L and S65T mutations, which make GFP show increased fluorescence and fold more efficiently under 370.

E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF4 (RNF4) contains a RING finger motif and functions as a transcription regulator. RNF4 interacts with, and inhibits the activity of, TRPS1, a transcription suppressor of GATA-mediated transcription. Transcription repressor ZNF278/PATZ also interacts with the RNF4 protein thus reducing the enhancement of androgen receptor-dependent transcription mediated by RNF4. RNF4 is broadly expressed at low levels in many tissues and highly expressed in the testis.

Retinol-binding proteins (RBP) are a family of proteins with various functions. Retinol and retinoic acid play crucial roles in the modulation of gene expression and overall development of an embryo. However, deficit or excess of either one of these substances can cause early embryo mortality or developmental malformations. Regulation of transport and metabolism of retinol necessary for a successful pregnancy is accomplished via RBP. Retinol binding proteins have been identified within the uterus, embryo, and extraembryonic tissue of the bovine, ovine, and porcine, therefore RBP takes part in proper retinol exposure to the embryo and successful transport at the maternal-fetal interface.

FABP12 is a member of the calycin superfamily and fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. The FABPs are a family of carrier proteins for fatty acids and other lipophilic substances for example eicosanoids and retinoids. These proteins are believed to enable the transfer of fatty acids between extra- and intracellular membranes. FABP12 has a role in lipid transport. FABP12 is expressed in several retinoblastoma cell lines. FABP12 has not been detected in fetal tissues.

Hemoglobin Subunit Zeta (Hbz) or Hba-x is a alpha-like hemoglobin and part of the globin family. The protein is expressed and produced in the the yolk sac in early stages of embryonic development. Hemoglobin subunit zeta has 2 pseudogenes and 5 functional genes.

Retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) belongs to the lipocalin family and is the specific carrier for retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in the blood. This protein was found to be expressed and secreted by adipose tissue, and was strongly associated with insulin resistance. It delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin which prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli.
RBP4 delivers retinol from the liver to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the rbp-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, this prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli.

Adiponectin is a protein exclusively secreted from adipose tissue. In the circulation, adiponectin is present as three different oligomeric complexes, including the high molecular weight (HMW), the middle molecular weight (MMW, also called hexamer) and low molecular weigh (LMW, also called trimer) forms. Different oligomeric complex of adiponectin activates different signaling pathways and exerts distinct functions.