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Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 80 (C19ORF80) is a significant new regulator of lipid metabolism which regulates serum triglyceride levels, possibly by promoting ANGPTL3 cleavage. C19ORF80 belongs to the ANGPTL protein family. C19ORF80 is a hormone which specifically promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation and beta cell mass expansion, thus improving glucose tolerance. C19ORF80 is mainly expressed in the liver; it is also expressed in adipose tissues. C19ORF80 is expressed in response to food intake and stimulated by insulin.

THAP3 is an element of a THAP1/THAP3-HCFC1-OGT complex which is essential for the regulation of the transcriptional activity of RRM1. THAP3 is vastly produced in placenta, skeletal muscle and heart.

N-terminal Xaa-Pro-Lys N-methyltrasferase1, also known as NTMT1 belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTMT1 catalyzesthe transfer of the methyl group from the S-adenosyl-l-methionine to the protein ?-amine, resulting in the formation of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine and ?-N-methylated proteins. NTMT1 is a remarkable potential anticancer targetsince it is overexpressed in gastrointestinal cancers in addition to his essential function in cell mitosis.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a type of glycolipids on the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (aka LBP) is a plasma protein which facilitates the diffusion of bacterial LPS (endotoxin). LBP is involved in the acute-phase immunologic response to gram-negative bacterial infections. In cooperation with bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI), LBP binds LPS and interacts with the CD14 receptor, most likely playing a role in regulating LPS-dependent monocyte responses. LBP belongs to a family of structurally and functionally related proteins, including BPI, plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP). The LBP gene is found on chromosome 20, directly downstream of the BPI gene. LBP catalyzes the transfer of LPS monomers from LPS aggregates to HDL particles, to phospholipid bilayers, and to a binding site on soluble CD14 (sCD14). sCD14 is capable of speeding up the transfer by receiving an LPS monomer from an LPS aggregate, and then yielding it to an HDL particle, therefore acting as a soluble "shuttle" for an insoluble lipid.

Twisted gastrulation Protein (TSG) is a secreted, cysteine-rich protein which has a role in dorsal/ventral patterning in Drosophila and Xenopus by regulating BMP signaling. TSG functions as an agonist for BMP signaling by controlling the inhibitory actions of the BMP antagonist, Chordin/Sog, and the cleavage properties of the metalloprotease, xolloid/tolloid. TSG N-terminal domain binds BMP protein directly and displays BMP antagonist activity.

Creatine Kinase BB is a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in energy homeostasis. The encoded protein reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens such as creatine phosphate. It acts as a homodimer in brain as well as in other tissues, and as a heterodimer with a similar muscle isozyme in heart. The encoded protein is a member of the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase protein family. A pseudogene of this gene has been characterized.

FABP1 (Fatty acid binding protein1) encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in liver. FABP1 is composed of ten antiparallel beta strands that form a barrel with a bigger binding pocket than the other FABPs allowing it to accommodate two fatty acid. This protein binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm; it may be involved in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism.

SNRPC is a member of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family. The SNRPC protein component of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle required for the formation of the spliceosome. SNRPC participates in the processing of nuclear precursor messenger RNA splicing. snRNP particles are tackled by autoantibodies frequently produced by patients with connective tissue diseases.

Cerebral Cavernous Malformation 2, also known as CCM2 is a piece of the CCM signaling pathway which is a vital regulator of heart and vessel formation as well as integrity. CCM2 performs through the stabilization of endothelial cell junctions. In addition, CCM2 functions as a scaffold protein for MAP2K3-MAP3K3 signaling. CCM2 plays a key role in the modulation of MAP3K3-dependent p38 activation induced by hyperosmotic shock. Mutations in CCM2 result in cerebral cavernous malformations. Multiple transcript variants encoding dissimilar isoforms have been discovered for CCM2.

Phospholipid Scramblase 3, (PLSCR3) may mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions which results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane. PLSCR3 may play a key role in the initiation of fibrin clot formation, in the activation of mast cells and in the recognition of apoptotic and injured cells by the reticuloendothelial system. In addition, PLSCR3 seems to play a role in apoptosis, through translocation of cardiolipin from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane which promotes BID recruitment and enhances tBid-induced mitochondrial damages. Among the diseases associated with PLSCR3 are brain ischemia, and ischemia.

The acute phase plasma protein ORM1 synthesized by the liver mediates the interaction between blood cells and endothelial cells. In addition, together with haptoglobin and C reactive protein, ORM1 regulates the extravasation of the cells through infection and inflammation. Expression of ORM1 is induced by acute-phase stimulatory mediators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Associated Protein 2 (CDK2AP2) is a member of the CDK2AP family. CDK2-associated protein is assumed to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. CDK2AP2 is implicated in the regulation of self-renewal of stem cells during early embryogenesis. CDK2AP2 is a regulator for self-renewal of mESCs (mouse embryonic stem cells) under permissive conditions, and cell survival during differentiation of the mESCs into terminally differentiated cell types.

Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L1 (MRPL1) exists as a component of the 39S ribosomal subunit and operates in conjunction with other MRPs to mediate protein synthesis. Mitochondrial ribosomes consist of a large 39S subunit and a small 28S subunit, both of which are consist of multiple mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) that are encoded by nuclear genes and are vital for protein synthesis within mitochondria. MRPL1 exists as 2 isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Isoform 1 of MRPL1 is ubiquitously expressed while isoform 2 is particularly expressed in heart.

STAM Binding Protein (STAMBP) is a zinc metalloprotease which specifically cleaves Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains, however it doesn’t cleave Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains. STAMBP has a role in signal transduction for cell growth and MYC induction mediated by IL-2 and GM-CSF. In addition, STAMBP potentiates BMP signaling by antagonizing the inhibitory action of SMAD6 and SMAD7. STAMBP also has a major role in regulation of cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis and ubiquitin-dependent sorting of receptors to lysosomes. Endosomal localization of STAMBP is essential for efficient EGFR degradation but not for its internalization. STAMBP is also involved in the negative regulation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR and RAS-MAP signaling pathways.

Gametocyte Specific Factor 1 (GTSF1) is a member of the UPF0224 (FAM112) family and contains 1 CHHC-type zinc finger. A key paralog of the GTSF1 gene is GTSF1L.

DENR takes part in the translation of target mRNAs by scanning and recognizing the initiation codon. DENR protein is involved in the intonation of the translational profile of a subset of cancer-related mRNAs when engaged to the translational initiation complex by the oncogene MCTS1.

Ribosomal Protein S20 (RPS20) encodes a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 40S subunit. RPS20, which is located in the cytoplasm, is a part of the S10P family of ribosomal proteins. RPS20 is co-transcribed with the small nucleolar RNA gene U54, which is located in its second intron. There are multiple processed pseudogenes of RPS20 dispersed through the genome as typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins.

Phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR1) is a member of the phospholipid scramblase family. PLSCR1 has a significant part in the antiviral reaction of IFN by intensifying and improving the IFN reaction via increasing expression of select subset of potent antiviral genes. PLSCR1 promotes cytokine-regulated cell proliferation and differentiation.

Oral cancer-overexpressed protein 1 (ORAOV1) is a candidate oncogene in the 11q13 chromosomal region. Functional analyses showed that ORAOV1 was involved in the regulation of HeLa cell growth via its effect on cell cycle and apoptosis. ORAOV1 is widely expressed; it has a high expression in the placenta, kidney and skeletal muscle. ORAOV1 is amplified and overexpressed in oral cancer cells.

Ras-related protein M-Ras (MRAS) is a member of the RAS superfamily. These family members are membrane-anchored, intracellular signal transducers in charge of various normal cellular functions. They are oncogenically stimulated in a substantial fraction of tumors. MRAS serves as a significant signal transducer for novel upstream stimuli in controlling cell proliferation.

HERPUD1 is a multi-pass membrane protein which is a part of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system. HERPUD1 owns 1 N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and is expressed highly in the brain. HERPUD1 is also known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD) which takes part in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins.

The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a well ordered structure composed of two complexes- a 20S core and a 19S regulator. PSMD11 is a non-ATPase subunit of the 19S regulator. The 20S core is composed of four rings of 28 non-identical subunits; two rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and two rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. The 19S regulator is composed of a base that contains six ATPase subunits and two non-ATPase subunits, and a lid that contains up to ten non-ATPase subunits. Proteasomes are spread throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An indispensable function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides.

WDR5, also designated BMP-2-induced gene 3 kb or BIG-3, belongs to the family of WD-40 repeat proteins, and is essential for vertebrate development, Hox gene activation and global H3K4 trimethylation. This protein is expressed in osteoblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes and marrow stromal cells. WDR5 may play a role in its function of accelerating osteoblast differentiation.