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SPIN1 is a member of the SPIN/STSY family. SPIN1 is localized to nucleus, and expressed in several tissues and cells. SPIN1 takes part in cell-cycle regulation in the course of the transition from gamete to embryo.

The MutS DNA Mismatch Protein Identifies heteroduplex DNAs comprising mis-paired or unpaired bases. The MutS DNA Mismatch Protein binds in vitro to heteroduplex DNAs comprising mis-paired or unpaired bases over a varied temperature range from 4-70 °C and obtains a thermostable ATPase activity. The MutS DNA Mismatch Protein is active at temperature between 0 to 75°C. Since The MutS DNA Mismatch Protein competently binds to 1-4 bases deletion (or insertion) and mismatch base pairs of GT, CT and AG, it is suitable for sensing these mutations. Mutations can be distinguished in polyacrylamide gels or on a solid phase such as Ni agarose or beads or magnetic Ni-NTA particles.

MAPK11 belongs to the MAP kinase family and is most associated with p38 MAP kinases (MAPKs). MAPKs are activated mainly as a reaction to cellular stress and inflammatory cytokines, and inhibitors that target the MAPK14 and MAPK11 have demonstrated ability to cure inflammatory disease. MAPK11 cooperates with HDAC3 and Promyelocytic leukemia protein and takes part in a signal transduction pathway which is activated by alterations in the osmolarity of the extracellular environment, by environmental stress, or by cytokines.

SRGN is identified as a hematopoietic cell granule proteoglycan. Proteoglycans stored in the secretory granules of various hematopoietic cells also hold a protease-resistant peptide core, and is vital for neutralizing hydrolytic enzymes. SRGN is related to the macromolecular complex of granzymes and perforin that acts as a intermediary of granule-mediated apoptosis.

USP46 is a part of a large family of cysteine proteases that function as deubiquitinating enzymes which interacts with WDR48 to have a high activity. USP46 operates by mediating the deubiquitination of GAD1/GAD67.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

VAPA is involved in vesicle traficking. VAPA is a type IV membrane protein. It is localized in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. VAPA is related with the cytoskeleton. VAPA functions membrane fusion, protein complex assembly and cell motility. VAPA is an essential regulator both of the subcellular localization of protrudin and of its ability to stimulate neurite outgrowth.

TIMP2 belongs to the TIMP gene family. The proteins encoded by this gene family are natural inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases, a group of peptidases that take part in degradation of the extracellular matrix. Besides having an inhibitory role against metalloproteinases, the encoded protein has a exclusive part among TIMP family members in its capability to directly suppress the proliferation of endothelial cells. Consequently, the encoded protein is crucial to the conservation of tissue homeostasis by suppressing the production of quiescent tissues as an answer to angiogenic factors, and by inhibiting protease activity in tissues undergoing renovation of the extracellular matrix.

TRAF Family Member-Associated NFKB Activator (TANK) is located in the cytoplasm and binds Either TRAF1, TRAF2 or TRAF3. TANK is an inhibitor of TRAF function which regulates TRAF protein activity via sequestering TRAFs in a dormant position in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of TANK, inhibits TRAF2-mediated NF-Kappa-B activation signaled by CD40 and both TNF receptors and also inhibits LMP1-mediated NFkappa-B activation by blocking the connection of TRAF2 with LMP1.

Cell Death-Inducing DFFA-Like Effector C (CIDEC) belongs to the cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector family, whose members have significant roles in apoptosis. CIDEC is expressed mainly in adipocytes, intestine, heart, stomach, and weakly in the brain, kidney and liver. CIDEC overexpression in preadipocytes induces apoptosis. CIDEC regulates enlargement of lipid droplets.

WFDC12 belongs to the WFDC (WAP-type four-disulfide core) domain family. The WAP signature motif or WFDC domain has four disulfide bonds created by eight cysteines at the core of the protein, which operates as a protease inhibitor.

Signal-transducing adaptor protein 1 (STAP1) acts as a docking protein which operates downstream of Tec tyrosine kinase in B cell antigen receptor signaling. The STAP1 protein is directly phosphorylated by Tec in vitro where it partakes in a positive feedback loop, increasing Tec activity.

Troponin is a fundamental regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction, and together with tropomyosin, is positioned on the actin filament. Troponin has 3 subunits: TnI- the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase; TnT- contains the binding site for tropomyosin; and TnC- the protein encoded by the TNNC1 gene. The binding of calcium to TnC stops the inhibitory action of TnI, consequently allowing the interaction of actin with myosin, the hydrolysis of ATP, and the generation of tension. Mutations in the TNNC1 gene are linked to cardiomyopathy dilated type 1Z.

BCL2-Like 1 (BCL2L1) belongs to the BCL-2 protein family. BCL2L1 is found at the outer mitochondrial membrane controls outer mitochondrial membrane channel (VDAC) opening. In addition, BCL2L1 regulate s a switch between cell death modes during mitotic arrest.

APTX is a DNA-binding protein which participates in single-strand DNA break repair, double-strand DNA break repair and base excision repair. APTX determines abortive DNA ligation intermediates created each at base excision sites, or while DNA ligases attempt to restore non-ligatable breaks induced by reactive oxygen species. APTX catalyzes the release of adenylate groups covalently linked to 5''-phosphate termini, resulting in the production of 5''-phosphate termini that can be efficiently rejoined. APTX hydrolyzes adenosine 5''-monophosphoramidate (AMP-NH(2)) and diadenosine tetraphosphate (AppppA), but with lower catalytic activity.

DnaK, originally identified for its DNA replication by bacteriophage l in E. coli is the bacterial HSP70 chaperone. This protein is involved in the folding and assembly of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and in preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins.

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein that belongs to the transferrin family of iron binding proteins. It is found in human breast milk as well as most epithelial surface secretions including tears, nasogastric, saliva, and bronchial. Lactoferrin binds 2 molecules of iron with very high affinity. Lactoferrin inhibits bacterial growth by withholding iron, its N-terminal region is an antimicrobial peptide. Lactotransferrin acts synergistically with lysozyme to potentiate the activity of both proteins. The multifunctional protein lactoferrin has many physiological possible roles. It is often referred to as an innate defense protein and frequently serves as the first line of defense in protection against pathogens. It has been shown to have the ability to bind iron, it is a natural anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral, it is an antioxidant and it also has immunomodulatory properties. It has many beneficial properties, which make it a good candidate for a number of product applications. Considerable research is currently going on to explain the various suggested biological functions of lactoferrin.

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G (SNRPG) is a member of the snRNP Sm proteins family. There are at least 7 isoforms, B/B, E, F, G, D1, D2, and D3. This class of common proteins has a vital role in the biogenesis of the snRNPs. The human Sm G genes are mapped to chromosomes 2. Furthermore, these proteins represent the major targets for the supposed anti-Sm auto-antibodies which are diagnostic for SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). One class of these autoantibodies reacts specifically with native Sm E-F-G complexes.

Persephin is a member of the GDNF ligand subfamily of the TGF-beta superfamily. PSPN encourages the existence and growth of key dopaminergic and motor neurons, as well as taking part in kidney development. Nonetheless, persephin does not support existence of peripheral neurons.

TIMP1 is a member of the TIMP family. TIMP1 is an inducible glycoprotein produced by various cell types. The TIMP1 glycoprotein is a natural inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases, which a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. TIMP1 binds in a reversible mode to MMPs, with regions in the N-terminal domain binding to the MMP substrate-binding site. On top of its inhibitory function against most of the known MMPs, TIMP1 is able to promote cell proliferation in a broad range of cell types, and may also have an anti-apoptotic role. Furthermore, TIMP1 has erthyroid-potentiating activity via translocation to the nucleus and also inhibits apoptosis in B-cells.
The TIMP1 gene is situated within intron 6 of the synapsin I gene and is transcribed in the opposite direction. TIMP1 activity is dependent on the existence of disulfide bonds.
TIMP1 transcription is extremely inducible in reaction to many cytokines and hormones.
Increased TIMP1 levels are connected with squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma. TIMP1 overexpression is linked to gastric cancer.

SET is part of a complex localized to the endoplasmic reticulum however is found in the nucleus. SET inhibits apoptosis following attack by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and can also enhance DNA replication of the adenovirus genome. SET inhibits acetylation of nucleosomes, particularly histone H4, by histone acetylases (HAT). This inhibition is accomplished by masking histone lysines from being acetylated.

Babesiosis is a disease caused by apicomplexan parasites of the Babesia genus. The Babesia microti life cycle involves 2 hosts, which include a rodent, mainly the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and a tick in the Ixodes genus. During a blood meal, a Babesia-infected tick introduces sporozoites into the mouse host. Sporozoites pass into the erythrocytes and undergo asexual reproduction (budding). In the blood, some parasites differentiate into male and female gametes, though these cannot be distinguished by light microscopy. The definitive host is the tick. Once ingested by an proper tick, gametes unite and undergo a sporogonic cycle resulting in sporozoites. Transovarial transmission (aka vertical or hereditary transmission) has been detected for "large" Babesia species but not for the "small" Babesia, such as B. microti. Humans enter the cycle when bitten by the infected ticks. Thus during a blood meal, a Babesia-infected tick introduces sporozoites into the human host. Sporozoites then enter erythrocytes and undergo asexual replication (budding). Multiplication of the blood-stage parasites is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. Humans typically are dead-end hosts. However, human-to-human transmission is well acknowledged to occur via contaminated blood transfusions.

HERPUD1 is a multi-pass membrane protein which is a part of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system. HERPUD1 owns 1 N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and is expressed highly in the brain. HERPUD1 is also known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD) which takes part in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins.

KISS1 is a metastasis suppressor protein that suppresses metastases of melanomas and breast carcinomas without affecting tumorigenicity.KISS1 functions to inhibit chemotaxis and invasion, attenuating metastasis in malignant melanomas. KISS1 is involved in the regulation of cell-matrix adhesion. KISS1 plays a role in cytoskeletal reorganization. A polymorphism in the terminal exon of KISS1 mRNA results in two protein isoforms. Expression of KiSS1 is localized to specific regions of the hypothalamus in numerous species and is regulated by gonadal steroids and across the estrous cycle..KISS1 generates a c-terminally amidated peptide, metastin which functions as the endogenous ligand of the g-protein coupled receptor gpr54. Activation of the receptor inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration, key characteristics of tumor metastasis.