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VZV is closely related to the herpes simplex viruses(HSV), sharing much genomehomology. The known envelope glycoproteins (gB, gC, gE, gH, gI, gK, gL) correspond with those in HSV, however there is no equivalent of HSV gD. VZV virons are spherical and 150-200 nm in diameter. Their lipidenvelope encloses the nucleocapsid of 162 capsomeres arranged in a hexagonalform. Its DNAis a single, linear, double-stranded molecule, 125,000 nt long. The virus is very susceptible to disinfectants, notably sodium hypochlorite. Within the body it can be treated by a number of drugs and therapeutic agents including aciclovir, zoster-immune globulin(ZIG), and vidarabine.

Interleukin-18 receptor accessory protein (IL18RAP), belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines which holds multiple immunoregulatory functions. It has been found that IL18RAP does not mediate IL18-binding, however, IL18RAP is involved in IL18-dependent signal transduction, which leads to NF-kappa-B and JNK activation. IL18R1 as well as IL18RAP polymorphisms have been linked with the following diseases: schizophrenia, HSV1 seropositivity and atopic asthma.

melA is a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 4 family. melA catalyze the hydrolysis of saccharides containing o-1,6,-galactoside bonds. melA catalyze the same reaction in E.coli, human and yeast but is found in different cellular sections: The E.coli melA is a cytoplasmic protein and the human and yeast melA are secretory proteins. Thus, even though the active enzyme from all three species has almost an equal molecular weight, structural resemblances, as well as dissimilarities, are probable.

CD86, also known as B7-2 or Cluster of Differentiation 86 is a protein necessary for T cell activation and survival, it is expressed on cells that are antigen-presenting cells and acts as costimulatory signals for T cells. CD86 is the ligand for CD28 (for autoregulation and intercellular association) and CTLA-4 (for attenuation of regulation and cellular disassociation), two different proteins.

OC43 is 1 of 7 known coronaviruses to infect human, including CoV-229E, CoV-NL63, CoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, the original SARS-CoV1, and SARS-CoV-2 (Covid 19). CoV-OC43, human alpha- coronavirus 229E and NL63, beta-coronavirus and HCoV-HKU1 are responsible for the common cold. like other betacoronavirus, CoV-OC43 has an additional shorter spike protein called hemagglutinin esterase. Human coronavirus OC43 belongs to the species beta-coronavirus which are enveloped, positive-sense, singlestranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the Nacetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor.

IL2-Ra is one of the three constituent subunits of the IL2 receptor. IL-2Ra is released into the serum after increased cellular expression such as increased activation of B and T cells. Clinical manifestations of IL2-Ra elevation include autoimmune conditions and some leukemias and lymphomas.

Hepatitis B virus is the main cause for human liver disease, chronic infection frequently causes liver cancer and cirrhosis. The HBV core gene codes 2 distinct protein products, a 21.5-kDa protein being assembled to form nucleocapsid particles designated HBcAg, which wraps the viral DNA as well as the viral polymerase and RNase H, and a precore protein, designated as HBeAg, which is directly to the endoplasmic reticulum, processed at N- and C-terminally and secreted as non-particulate e-anitgen (HBeAg). The pre-core protein contains an extra 29 N-terminal amino acids, serving as a signal peptide to direct the nascent polypeptide into secretory pathway. After the secretion, mature HBeAg is deleted at the residue 149 C-terminally and retains 10 precore residues N-terminally. HBcAg and HBeAg are distinctly recognized by antibodies but highly cross-reactive at the T-cell level.
The e antigen is found in the circulation, it is found during the active HBV infection, positive result indicates the risk for contagiousness, and is also used as indicator for the effectiveness of HBV treatment. Positive anti-HBeAg specifies an active stage of acute HBV infection that is in its final stages, the risk for contagiousness is dramatically reduced.

Immunoglobulin superfamily member 8 (IGSF8) belongs to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. IGSF8 interacts with the tetraspanins CD81 and CD9 and may regulate their role in a number of cellular functions including cell migration and viral infection. In addition, the IGSF8 protein may function as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the proliferation of certain cancers.

CD74 (HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain isoform b), is a transmembrane protein (on antigen presenting cells) which is the invariant chain that chaperones MHC class IIdimers from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. CD74 is expressed by cells of both T lymphocyte and Blymphocyte lineages. CD74 upregulated in several cancers and is also expressed by non immune cells during inflammation. Diseases related with CD74 include thymic epithelial neoplasm and gastroduodenitis. Among its related super-pathways are Immune System and Immune response Antigen presentation by MHC class II. In addition CD74 functions as cell surface receptor for the cytokine MIF.

4-1BBR is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. 4-1BB receptor contributes to the clonal expansion, survival, and development of T cells.4-1BBRcan also induce proliferation in peripheral monocytes, enhance T cell apoptosis induced by TCR/CD3 triggered activation, and regulate CD28 co-stimulation to promote Th1 cell responses. The expression of this receptor is induced by lymphocyte activation. TRAF adaptor proteins have been shown to bind to this receptor and transduce the signals leading to activation of NF-kappaB.

PDGFRa is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for PDGF family members. PDGFRa binds to both A and B subunits of PDGF. It is known that PDGFRa is vital for kidney development since mice heterozygous for the receptor display defective kidney phenotypes.

Nectin-1, also referred to as ED4, is a poliovirus receptor- related 1 protein is a part of the Nectin family. Nectin-1 endorses cell-cell contacts by forming homophilic or heterophilic trans-dimers. Heterophilic interactions among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL4/nectin-4 and among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL3/nectin-3 have been found. Nectin-1 acts as an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus & pseudorabies virus as well. Likewise, Neurite outgrowth-promoting activity has been shown by Nectin-1.

ASCC1 is a subunit of the triggering signal cointegrator 1 (ASC-1) complex which is a transcriptional coactivator. ASC-1 complex takes a vital part in gene transactivation using various transcription factors such as activating protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and serum response factor (SRF). ASCC1 has an N-terminal KH-type RNA-binding motif, essential for AP-1 transactivation by the ASC-1 complex. Alterations in ASCC1 result in Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

Cluster of Differentiation 244 (CD244/Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4) contains 2 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains. CD244 is a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells (and some T cells) which mediate non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted killing. NK-cell and target cells interaction via the CD244 receptor is believed to modulate NK-cell cytolytic activity. CD244 molecules function in eosinophil adhesion and chemotaxis, and have a role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis (AR).

RAB1B belongs to the RAB protein family, these proteins are low molecular mass monomeric GTPases localized on the cytoplasmic surfaces of distinct membrane bound organelles. RAB1B protein functions in the early secretory pathway and is essential for vesicle transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi.

Gametocyte Specific Factor 1 (GTSF1) is a member of the UPF0224 (FAM112) family and contains 1 CHHC-type zinc finger. A key paralog of the GTSF1 gene is GTSF1L.

DDB1-and CUL4-associated factor (DCAF7) is involved in craniofacial development. The DCAF7 protein acts upstream of the EDN1 pathway and is essential for formation of the upper jaw equivalent, the palatoquadrate. The activity necessary for the EDN1 pathway function varies between the first and second arches. DCAF7 associates with DIAPH1 and controls GLI1 transcriptional activity. DCAF7 may be involved in normal and diseased skin development.

a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

TIE-1 (tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains 1) and TIE-2/Tek comprise a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subfamily with unique structural characteristics: two immunoglobulin-like domains flanking three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains and followed by three fibronectin type III-like repeats in the extracellular region and a split tyrosine kinase domain in the cytoplasmic region. These receptors are expressed primarily on endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cells and play critical roles in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. Human TIE-1 cDNA encodes a 1122 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with an 18 residue putative signal peptide, a 726 residue extracellular domain and a 353 residue cytoplasmic domain. Two ligands, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), which bind TIE-2 with high-affinity have been identified. Ang2 has been reported to act as an antagonist for Ang1. Mice engineered to overexpress Ang2 or to lack Ang1 or Tie-1 display similar angiogenic defects.

Translocase of Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 8 Homolog A (TIMM8A) takes part in the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial. TIMM8A plays a role as a chaperone-like protein which protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and leads them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space. TIMM8A is essential for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Defects in TIMM8A cause Jensen syndrome. TIMM8A and TIMM13, forms a 70 kDa heterohexamer.

JAZF zinc finger 1 (JAZF1) is a nuclear protein with 3 C2H2-type zinc fingers, which functions as a transcriptional repressor. Chromosomal anomalies involving the JAZF1 are linked with endometrial stromal tumors. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; though, not all variants have been fully characterized.