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NT-4 is part of the family of neurotrophic factors, neurotrophins, that are in charge for the survival and differentiation of mammalian neurons. NT-4 expression is dominant and less influenced by environmental signals. NT-4 deficient mice shows slight cellular deficits and develop normally to adulthood. NT-4 is a target-derived survival factor for peripheral sensory sympathetic neurons.NT-4 is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of periodontal ligament cells.

LFA-3 is ligand of the t-lymphocyte cd2 glycoprotein. This interaction is important in mediating thymocyte interactions with thymic epithelial cells, antigen-independent and dependent interactions of t-lymphocytes with target cells and antigen- presenting cells and the t-lymphocyte rosetting with erythrocytes. In addition, the lfa-3/cd2 interaction may prime response by both the cd2+ and lfa-3+ cells.

SCGN is a secreted calcium-binding protein which is found in the cytoplasm. It is related to calbindin D-28K and calretinin. Secretagogin is involved in KCL-stimulated calcium flux and cell proliferation.
Secretagogin plays a role in human non-functional pituitary adenomas.

MTHFS is a cytosolic protein which takes part in the formate metabolic process. MTHFS along with a magnesium cofactor catalyzes the ATP-dependent reaction which reduces 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate(MTHF). MTHF is the substrate used by MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) to generate 5-MTHF. In addition, MTHF is a coenzyme used in thymidine biosynthesis by thymidylate synthase (FAD).

Biglycan (BGN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which takes part in assembly of collagen fibrils and muscle regeneration. BGN is closely correlated in structure to two other small proteoglycans, decorin and fibromodulin. BGN interacts with several proteins involved in muscular dystrophy, including alpha-dystroglycan, alpha- and gamma-sarcoglycan and collagen VI. BGN is also critical for the assembly of the dystrophin-associated protein complex.

Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a member of a family of DNA-binding proteins which includes the AP-1 family of transcription factors, cAMP-response element binding proteins and CREB-like proteins. The ATF4 gene encodes a transcription factor which was initially identified as a widely expressed mammalian DNA binding protein that could bind a tax-responsive enhancer element in the LTR of HTLV-1.

LGLAS9 binds galactosides and has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. LGLAS9 participates in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus and Inhibits cell proliferation. LGLAS9 is a ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3. LGLAS9 Induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. LGLAS9 performs as an eosinophil chemoattractant LGLAS9 is an S-type lectin which is over-expressed in Hodgkin's disease tissue and takes part in the interaction between the H&RS cells with their surrounding cells.

Based on sequence similarity to VEGF-A, a gene encoding a VEGF homologue has recently been discovered in the genome of Orf virus (OV) (Lyttle et al., 1994). Different isolates of Orf virus show significant amino acid sequence similarity to VEGF-A and described as a viral virulence factor that appears to be derived from captured host genes. All eight cysteine residues of the central cysteine knot motif characteristic of members of the VEGF family are conserved among other residues in the VEGF-E proteins (Dehio et al., 1999; Wise et al., 1999). Alignment of all mammalian VEGF sequences indicated that VEGF-E is distinct from the previously described VEGFs but most closely related to VEGF-A. Like VEGF-A, VEGF-E was found to bind with high affinity to VEGF receptor-2 (KDR) resulting in receptor autophosphorylation, whilst in contrast to VEGF-A, VEGF-E can not bind to VEGF receptor-1 (Flt-1). Furthermore VEGF-E can also not bind to VEGF receptor-3 (FLT-4). Therefore VEGF-E is a potent angiog

Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (Galnt1) , is part of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) family of enzymes. The initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis is catalyzed by Glant1, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor. Moreover, Galnt1 is implicated in the glycosylation of proteins vital for bone formation for instance osteopontin and bone sialoprotein.

Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 2 isoform A (GOSR2) is a part of the SNARE Protein family which consists of important trafficking proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi and between Golgi subcompartments. GOSR2 is located near a locus implicated in familial essential hypertension, indicating that it is a potential candidate gene for this disease. GOSR2 exists as cytoplasmically oriented integral membrane proteins.

GSTP1 is a polymorphic gene encoding active, functionally different GSTP1 variant proteins that are believed to function in xenobiotic metabolism and have a part in susceptibility to cancer, and other diseases. GSTP1 is a glutathione S-transferase belonging to the pi class. GST family enzymes play a significant role in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of many hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione. Based upon the biochemical, immunologic and structural properties of the soluble GSTs they are grouped into 4 main classes: alpha, mu, pi, and theta. The GSTP1 enzyme acts by catalyzing the reaction of glutathione with an acceptor molecule to form a Sulfur-substituted glutathione. The reactions employing glutathione contribute the transformation of a broad range of electrophiles, including reactive products of lipid, protein, carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins, and products of oxidative stress.
The GSTP1 inactivation through CpG hypermethylation is frequent in pituitary adenomas and may be a factor in aggressive pituitary tumor behavior. GSTP1 is may be a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in GSTP1 is linked to modified protein binding, which influence GSTP1's contribution to carcinogen and drug metabolism, and possibly disease pathogenesis and/or drug response. GST-pi might have central roles in proliferation of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells.

GZMK is a part of a group of related serine proteases from the cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Cytolytic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells have the outstanding ability to bind, recognize and lyse specific target cells. They defend their host by lysing cells bearing on their surface 'nonself' antigens, usually peptides or proteins resulting from infection by intracellular pathogens.

DKK1 is part of the dickkopf family. DKK1 is a secreted protein with 2 cysteine rich regions and takes part in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. High levels of DKK1 in bone marrow plasma and peripheral blood is associated with the presence of osteolytic bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma. Induction of DKK1 contributes to the pathological cascade triggered by beta-amyloid and is significantly involved in the development of tau phosphorylation.
DKK1 reduces the differentiation of osteoblastic precursor cells. DKK1 is an important member in multiple myeloma bone disease. DKK1 expression is reduced in human colon tumors, implying that DKK-1 plays a role as a tumor suppressor gene in this neoplasia; the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is downregulated by the induction of DKK1 expression, a mechanism that is missing in colon cancer.

IFIH1 is a DEAD box protein which is upregulated in response to treatment with beta-interferon and a protein kinase C-activating compound, mezerein. Irreversible reprogramming of melanomas can be attained by therapy with both these agents; treatment with either agent alone only achieves reversible differentiation. DEAD box proteins are implicated in several cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly.

GAPDH is a catalytic enzyme normally known to play a role in glycolysis. GAPDH exists as a tetramer composed of 36-kDa subunits and has a range of intracellular functions. GAPDH catalyzes the reversible reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphophate in the presence of NADPH. Besides functioning as a glycolytic enzyme in cytoplasm, GAPDH has function in intracellular processes such as membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, phosphotransferase activity, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication and DNA repair. GAPDH catalyzes a vital energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The enzyme exists as a tetramer of identical chains.

Glycoprotein Nmb (GPNMB) is a member of the PMEL/NMB family. GPNMB is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which exhibits homology to the pMEL17 precursor, a melanocyte-specific protein. GPNMB is expressed in the lowly metastatic human melanoma cell lines and xenografts but has no expression in the highly metastatic cell lines. GPNMB might be involved in growth delay and reduction of metastatic potential. GPNMB is up-regulated in a number of cancer cells, including in glioblastoma multiforme. GPNMB is expressed in many melanoma cells, as well as in tissue macrophages, including liver Kuppfer cells and lung alveolar macrophages, in podocytes and in some cells of the ciliary body of the eye (at protein level). GPNMB is hardly detectable in the healthy brain.

Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) is a 201 amino acid member of the interleukin-6 superfamily. It was identified by its ability to induce hypertrophic response in cardiac myocytes. CT-1 mRNA levels were found both in cardiac myocytes and in cardiac nonmyocytes. CT 1 was also detected in abundance in normal adult human lung and was expressed in both fetal and adult airway smooth muscle cells. CT 1 activates gp130 dependent signaling and stimulates the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway to transduce hypertrophic and cytoprotective signals in cardiac myocytes.
CT 1 has also a neurotrophic function. CTF1 deficiency causes increased motoneuron cell death in spinal cord and brainstem nuclei of mice during a period between embryonic day 14 and the first postnatal week. Moreover, CT-1 is a hepatocyte survival factor that efficiently reduces hepatocellular damage in animal models of acute liver injury. Cardiotrophin 1 expression is augmented after hypoxic stimulation and it can protect cardiac cells when added either prior to simulated ischaemia or at the time of reoxygenation following simulated ischaemia. Cardiotrophin 1 can induce expression of the protective heat shock proteins (hsps) in cardiac cells.
Cardiotrophin-1 increased ventricular expression of ANP, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and angiotensinogen mRNA.
Cardiophin 1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with heart failure, patients with dilatative cardiomyopathy, moderate/severe mitral regurgitation, stable and unstable angina and after acute myocardial infarction.

Dopachrome Tautomerase also known as DCT, belongs to the tyrosinase family. DCT takes a significant part in the synthesis of the melanin pigment including tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1). Which are highly involved in eumelanin synthesis. The change among the eumelanin and the pheomelanin pathways is assumed to depend on the presence of cysteine. Hence, in the lack of cysteine, dopaquinone, the product of tyrosinase action, is transformed to cyclodopa (leucodopachrome) and afterwards to dopachrome (and DOPA).

Calcium-activated nucleotidase 1 (CANT1) is a member of the apyrase family. The CANT1 protein is calcium-dependent nucleotidase with a preference for UDP. The order of activity with different substrates is as follows: UDP > GDP > UTP > GTP. Moreover, CANT1 has a very low activity towards ADP and an even lower activity towards ATP. As well as it doesn’t hydrolyze AMP and GMP. CANT1’s specific function is yet unknown, nevertheless its substrates are involved in several key signaling functions, including Ca2+ release, through activation of pyrimidinergic signaling. Mutations in the CANT1 gene are linked with Desbuquois dysplasia with hand anomalies.

Glycine amidinotransferase mitochondrial (GATM) is a mitochondrial enzyme which is a member of the amidinotransferase family. The GATM enzyme is involved in creatine biosynthesis, where it catalyzes the transfer of a guanido group from L-arginine to glycine, resulting in guanidinoacetic acid, the immediate precursor of creatine, which has an imperative role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. GATM is significant in embryonic and central nervous system development. GATM gene mutations cause arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, an inborn error of creatine synthesis characterized by mental retardation, language impairment, and behavioral disorders.

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are comprised of an alpha, a beta and a gamma subunit. The alpha, beta and gamma subunits are encoded by families of related genes. GNB1 encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are vital regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. G proteins are involved as a modulator or transducer in numerous transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are necessary for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Pregnancy Specific Beta-1-Glycoprotein 1 (PSG1) is a member of a subgroup of transcription factors which are phosphorylated upon binding to promoter sequences. PSGs belong to the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family and function as early biochemical markers of syncytiotrophoblast formation. Furthermore, PSG1 is assumed to mediate placental vascular morphogenesis by enhancing VEGF-A production and endothelial tube formation. PSG1 is a major product of the syncytiotrophoblast, reaching concentrations of 100- 290 mg/l at term in the serum of pregnant women.

Glycophorins A & B (GYPA &GYPB) are the main sialoglycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane which carry the antigenic determinants for the MN and Ss blood groups. Along with the M or N and S or s antigens which normally occur in all populations, approximately 40 related variant phenotypes were identified. These variants comprise all the variants of the Miltenberger complex and some isoforms of Sta, as well as Dantu, Sat, He, Mg, and deletion variants Ena, S-s-U- and Mk. GYPA is significant for the function of SLC4A1 and is necessary for high activity of SLC4A1. GYPA is involved in translocation of SLC4A1 to the plasma membrane. GYPA is also a receptor for: the influenza virus, Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (EBA-175); binding of EBA-175 is dependent on sialic acid residues of the O-linked glycans and is also a receptor for Hepatitis A virus (HAV).

Galectin14, aka LGALS14, is a member of the galectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins. Galectin family members contain one or two carbohydrate recognition domains, which can bind beta-galactoside. The LGALS14 gene is predominantly expressed in the placenta. LGALS14 is expressed intracellularly in the placenta and eosinophils and is released by eosinophils following allergen stimulation. LGALS14 may be involved in the development of allergic inflammation.