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Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G (SNRPG) is a member of the snRNP Sm proteins family. There are at least 7 isoforms, B/B, E, F, G, D1, D2, and D3. This class of common proteins has a vital role in the biogenesis of the snRNPs. The human Sm G genes are mapped to chromosomes 2. Furthermore, these proteins represent the major targets for the supposed anti-Sm auto-antibodies which are diagnostic for SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). One class of these autoantibodies reacts specifically with native Sm E-F-G complexes.

Signal recognition particle 19kDa protein (SRP19) is a member of the SRP19 family. SRP19 binds directly to 7S RNA and mediates binding of the 54 kDa subunit of the SRP.

RPL23A is a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 60S subunit. Ribosomes, the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally different proteins. RPL23A is a member of the L23P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. Recombinant Human Ribosomal Protein L23A may be one of the target molecules involved in mediating growth inhibition. The corresponding protein binds to a specific site on the 26S rRNA in yeast.

Recombinant Human Sonic Hedgehog is part of a small group of secreted proteins that are vital for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. 3 mammalian hedgehog genes (sonic, desert, Indian) share about 60% homology. The Human Sonic Hedgehog is 99% homologous to the mouse gene. Sonic HedgeHog helps in guiding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is necessary for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Sonic HedgeHog exhibits both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. Mutations in a long-range Sonic HedgeHog enhancer located in an intron of the limb region 1 gene result in preaxial polydactyly.

RRAS belongs to the Ras family which functions in signal transduction pathways. RRAS interacts with RASSF5, NCK1, Bcl-2, ARAF and RALGDS. RRAS binds GTP and GDP, and it has intrinsic GTPase activity. RRAS regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton

Thrombin enzyme (Activated Factor IIa) is an important clotting promoter that controls the transformation of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble active fibrin strands. Thrombin is a coagulation protein and a serine protease (EC 3.4.21.5) that catalyzes many coagulation-related reactions. Thrombin triggers factor-XI, factor-V, Factor-XIII and factor-VIII. Thrombin endorses platelet activation, using activation of protease-activated receptors on the platelet. As a result of its high proteolytic specificity, thrombin has become an important biochemical protein. The thrombin cleavage site (Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Gly-Ser) is widely used in linker regions of recombinant fusion protein constructs. After the purification of the fusion protein, thrombin is used to cleave between the Arginine and Glycine residues of the cleavage site, efficiently removing the purification tag from the protein of interest with a high degree of specificity.

Interleukin-2 Receptor Gamma (IL2RG) is a cytokine receptor sub-unit which is common to the receptor complexes for at least six different interleukin receptors. IL2RG is located on the surface of immature blood-forming cells in bone marrow. One end of the IL2RG protein resides outside of the cell where it binds to cytokines and the other end of the IL2RG protein resides in the interior of the cell where it transmits signals to the cell's nucleus. IL2RG teams up with other proteins to direct blood-forming cells to form lymphocytes. In addition, IL2RG directs the growth and maturation of lymphocyte subtypes, which kill viruses, make antibodies, and help regulate the entire immune system.

POLR2H is an essential and highly conserved subunit of RNA polymerase II which is shared by the other 2 eukaryotic DNA-directed RNA polymerases, I and III. The three eukaryotic RNA polymerases are complex multisubunit enzymes which play a vital role in the transcription of nuclear genes. POLR2H encodes an essential and highly conserved subunit of RNA polymerase II which is shared by the other two eukaryotic DNA-directed RNA polymerases, I and III.

Lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor (LITAF) is a small integral membrane protein of lysosome/late endosome. The expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha in Lipopolysaccharide-induced processes is mediated by LITAF. LITAF connects to STAT6B, which belongs to the STAT6 family forming a complex on the TNF-alpha promoter that modifies TNF activity. High levels of expression of LITAF mRNA are observed mostly in the placenta, peripheral blood leukocytes, lymph nodes and spleen.

SORD enzyme is part of of the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family that is broadly expressed in kidney and in the lens eye. SORD enzymatically catalyzes the zinc-dependent interconversion of polyols, such as sorbitol and xylitol, to their respective ketoses.

Osteoprotegerin, which is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is involved in the regulation of bone metabolism. OPGand its ligand (OPGL) are cytokines regulating osteoclasto-genesis. OPGL binds to receptors on the surface of preosteoclasts and stimulates their differentiation into active osteoclasts. This leads to osteoresorption. OPG inhibits this osteoclasto-genesis (OPG is secreted by osteoblasts, and binds to OPGL, thus inhibiting maturation of osteoclasts and osteoresorption). The degree and activity of osteoresorption depend mainly on the balance between OPG and its ligand (OPGL); factors increasing OPGL expression mostly reduce OPG expression and vice versa.

Prolactin is a lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis .Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation.Prolactin has been shown also to have cytokine-like activities and to have important immunoregulatory activities. It contributes to the development of lymphoid tissues and the maintenance of physiological immune function and also modulates a variety of T-cell immune responses. Prolactin has been reported to activate cellular proliferation in nonreproductive tissue, such as liver, spleen, and thymus. It induces significant proliferation in aortic smooth muscle cells and also enhances proliferation of these cells induced by PDGF . Prolactin also appears to be directly mitogenic for pancreatic beta cells. Prolactin is also mitogenic for cultured astrocytes.

ALDH2 is part of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins which catalyze the chemical transformation from acetaldehyde to acetic acid. ALDH2 is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. ALDH2 has 2 major liver isoforms: cytosolic and mitochondrial, which differ by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. Nearly all Caucasians have 2 major isozymes, whereas roughly 50% of Orientals have only the cytosolic isozyme, omitting the mitochondrial isozyme. The extremely higher rate of acute alcohol intoxication with Orientals compared to Caucasians is due to the fact of the absence of mitochondrial isozyme. ALDH2 has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix.

Glucagon is an important hormone involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The hormone is synthesized and secreted from alpha cells (?-cells) of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. Glucagon is released when the glucose level in the blood is low (hypoglycemia), causing the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. The action of glucagon is thus opposite to that of insulin, which instructs the body's cells to take in glucose from the blood in times of satiation.
Glucagon is beneficial for the culture of some cell types. It has been used in some biochemical regulation studies of glycogenolysis in hepatocytes. It has been also been found to induce DNA replication in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes when used in combinations with EGF and Insulin. Glucagon increases the blood glucose concentration by promoting rapid breakdown of liver glycogen, and also acts to relax smooth muscle such as the gastrointestinal tract.

Chromogranin-A Isoform 1 Preproprotein or CHGA is part of the neuroendocrine secretory proteins of the chromogranin/secretogranin family. CHGA is a precursor of numerus enzymes such as pancreastatin, catestatin, vasostatin-1,vasostatin-2, and parastatin. The protein acts as a negative regulator the neuroendocrine activity of autocrine or nearby cells (paracrine). CHGA causes further production of secretory granules that contains insulin in pancreatic islet beta cells.

Rho-related GTP-binding protein (RhoD) is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. The small GTPase Rho D promotes the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and cell surface and also regulates endosome motility and distribution.

This gene is a member of the EPO/TPO family and encodes a secreted, glycosylated cytokine composed of four alpha helical bundles. The protein is found in the plasma and regulates red cell production by promoting erythroid differentiation and initiating hemoglobin synthesis. This protein also has neuroprotective activity against a variety of potential brain injuries and antiapoptotic functions in several tissue types.

Histamine N-Methyltransferase or HNMT, is located in the cell cytosol. Sadenosyl-L-methionine acts as a methyl donor for HNMT which inactivates histamine. By inactivation of histamine, it affects the immune system’s response. HNMT acts on histamine in body tissues such as kidney, central nervous system and bronchus. The protein has a crucial part in the airway response to histamine & histamine degradation process and regulation.

S100A8 is a part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a broad range of cells, and participate in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A8 plays a role in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. S100A8 altered expression is related with cystic fibrosis disease. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein that has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.S100A8 is crucial for resistance towards invasion by pathogenic bacteria. S100A8 up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A8 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S100A8 endorses tubulin polymerization and promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. S100A8 takes part as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1 or CTHRC1 acts as a negative regulator of collagen matrix deposition. The protein is secreted from a 28kDa protein which is glycosylated and very conserved from lower chordates to mammals. CTHRC1 is found qualitatively in plasma of healthy human subjects. CTHRC1 plasma levels are also significantly elevated during pregnancy, in diabetes, in inflammatory and infectious conditions, in subjects with acute myeloid leukemia but not in subjects with solid cancers.CTHRC1 is highly connected with calcified tissues and cartilaginous matrix, but not with endothelial cells.

AHSG (fetuin-A) which is a glycoprotein present in the serum, is synthesized by hepatocytes. AHSG is one of the fetuin class of plasma binding proteins. It is involved in a number of functions, such as endocytosis, brain development and the formation of bone tissue. It is usually present in the cortical plate of the immature cerebral cortex and bone marrow hemopoietic matrix, hence it has been postulated that it participates in the development of the tissues. Yet, its exact significance is still vague. AHSG promotes endocytosis, hold opsonic properties and influences the mineral phase of the bone. Affinity for calcium and barium ions has been shown.

DLST catalyzes the general transformation of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2). DLST holds multiple copies of 3 enzymatic components: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).