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Recombinant Protein A/G fusion protein joins IgG binding domains of both Protein A and Protein G.
Protein A/G includes four Fc binding domains from Protein A and two from Protein G, yielding a final mass of 50.4 kDa. The binding dependency to pH of Protein A/G lower than Protein A, but has the additive properties of Protein A and G together. Protein A/G binds to all subclasses of human IgG, making it helpful for purifying polyclonal or monoclonal IgG antibodies whose subclasses have not been identifieed. Protein A/G binds to IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD. Protein A/G binds to all subclasses of mouse IgG excluding mouse IgA, IgM or serum albumin. This permits Protein A/G to be used in purification and detection of mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies, with no interference from IgA, IgM and serum albumin. Mouse monoclonal antibodies normally have a stronger affinity to the chimeric Protein A/G than to either Protein A or Protein G. Protein A/G also has been used for purification of macaque IgG.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

IFN-alpha is produced by macrophages and has antiviral activities. IFN stimulates the production of two enzymes: protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase.

ACE-2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme 2) an enzyme bound to cell membranes in various organs such as intestines arteries , lungs, heart & kidney. ACE2 an entry receptor of SARS coronaviruses as well as SARS-CoV-2,.The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a class I viral fusion antigen located on the external envelope of the virion that takes part in a critical part in viral infection by identifying host cell receptors and facilitating fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. 2 main domains in coronavirus S1 have been recognized, the N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain. One or the other and/or both S1 domains function as a receptor-binding domain. SARS-CoV + MERS-CoV equally use C-domain to attach their receptors.ACE2 is a type I transmembrane antigen with an extracellular N-terminal domain having the catalytic site and an intracellular C-terminal tail. ACE2 obtains a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain, and a single metalloproteinase active site containing an HEXXH zinc-binding domain. ACE-2 plays a role as a mono-carboxypeptidase which degrades Ang I to produce the nonapeptide Ang 1–9 and Ang II to create the heptapeptide Ang 1–7.

HIBCH enzyme is in charge of hydrolysis of both HIBYL-CoA and beta-hydroxypropionyl-CoA. Damages in the HIBCH gene linked to 3-hyroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency. Multiple transcript variants exist as a result of alternative splicing.

Adhesion Molecule with Ig-Like Domain 2, also known as AMIGO2 is a member of the leucine-rich repeat family. AMIGO2 arbitrates homophilic in addition to heterophilic cell-cell interaction with AMIGO1 or AMIGO3. Furthermore, AMIGO2 contributes to signal transduction via its intracellular domain and is also essential for tumorigenesis of a subset of gastric adenocarcinomas.

EDA2R (ectodysplasin A2 receptor) mediates the activation of the NF-kappa-B and JNK pathways. Activation seems to be mediated through binding to TRAF3 and TRAF6. In addition, Mutations in EDA give rise to a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of hair, sweat glands, and teeth. EDA2R specifically binds to EDA-A2 isoform. This protein is a type III transmembrane protein of the TNFR (tumor necrosis factor receptor) superfamily, and contains 3 cysteine-rich repeats and a single transmembrane domain however it lacks an N-terminal signal peptide. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Among the diseases associated with EDA2R are ectodermal dysplasia 1, hypohidrotic, x-linked, and hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Interfereon alpha 7 (IFNA7) is a member of the alpha/beta interferon family. IFNA7 is generated by macrophages. IFN-alpha has antiviral functions. Interferon promotes the production of 2 enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase.

BAT1 belongs to the DEAD box family of RNA-dependent ATPases that mediate ATP hydrolysis during pre-mRNA splicing. UAP56 protein is a vital splicing factor which is needed for connecting U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein with pre-mRNA, as well as takes a key part in mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Mutations in this protein may be connected to rheumatoid arthritis.

Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family that includes leukemia-inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 6. This gene encodes a growth regulator which inhibits the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines. It regulates cytokine production, including IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF from endothelial cells.

Glycine amidinotransferase mitochondrial (GATM) is a mitochondrial enzyme which is a member of the amidinotransferase family. The GATM enzyme is involved in creatine biosynthesis, where it catalyzes the transfer of a guanido group from L-arginine to glycine, resulting in guanidinoacetic acid, the immediate precursor of creatine, which has an imperative role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. GATM is significant in embryonic and central nervous system development. GATM gene mutations cause arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, an inborn error of creatine synthesis characterized by mental retardation, language impairment, and behavioral disorders.

HAGH is a part of the glyoxalase family and a thiolesterase which hydrolyses S-lactoyl-glutathione to reduced glutathione and D-lactate. HAGH protein is a detoxifying enzyme of glycolysis byproduct methylglyoxal and a target of p63 and p73 and serves as a pro-survival factor of the p53 family. HAGH appears only as a monomer and binds two zinc ions per subunit.

PDIA3 is an enzyme that belongs to the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin to modulate folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. PDIA3 has protein disulfide isomerase activity. Complexes of lectins and PDIA3 mediate protein folding by promoting formation of disulfide bonds in their glycoprotein substrates. PDIA3 is expressed in the lumbar spinal cord from rats submitted to peripheral lesion during neonatal period. PDIA3 interacts with thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter in the kidney and is induced by glucose deprivation. PDIA3 is part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide-loading complex (TAP1), which is important for formation of the final antigen conformation and export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface.

Salmonella Typhi is a pathogen causing typhoid fever, affecting over 17 million people with approximately 600,000 deaths annually worldwide. If untreated, typhoid fever cases result in mortality rates ranging from 12-30%.

EIF1AX is an important eukaryotic translation initiation factor. EIF1AX is essential for the binding of the 43S complex (a 40S subunit, eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi and eIF3) to the 5'' end of capped RNA. EIF1AP1 is needed for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. EIF1AX increases ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA (I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.

Protein Phosphatase 2C alpha is a member of the PP2C family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases. PP2C family members are known to be negative regulators of cell stress response pathways. This phosphatase dephosphorylates, and negatively regulates the activities of, MAP kinases and MAP kinase kinases. It has been shown to inhibit the activation of p38 and JNK kinase cascades induced by environmental stresses. This phosphatase can also dephosphorylate cyclin-dependent kinases, and thus may be involved in cell cycle control. Overexpression of this phosphatase is reported to activate the expression of the tumor suppressor gene TP53/p53, which leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding two distinct isoforms have been described.
Protein phosphatase 2C(PP2C?) is a Mn2+- or Mg2+-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase that is essential for regulating cellular stress response in eukaryotes.

Monoamine Oxidase A, also known as MAOA catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic as well as xenobiotic amines and has significant functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system as well as peripheral tissues. Mutation in MAOA results in Brunner syndrome; in addition MAOA has also been linked with a diversity of other psychiatric disorders, which includes antisocial behavior. MAOA preferentially oxidizes biogenic amines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).

H3N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteinson the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin(H) and neuraminidase(N). H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. H3N2 strain descended from H2N2by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes re-assorted to form a new virus. Both the H2N2and H3N2 strains contained genesfrom avian influenzaviruses.

The enzyme Arylsulfatase A, also known as cerebroside-sulfatase, is responsible to break down sulfatides. The main molecule that Arylsulfatase A breaks down is cerebroside 3-sulfate into cerebroside and sulfate. The enzyme is encoded by the ARSA gene in humans. Phosphate can form a covalent bond with the Arylsulfatase A’s active site 3-oxoalanine, thus, inhibits the protein.

The cytokine IL-1 alpha or hematopoietin 1 is a member to the interleukin 1 family, encoded by the IL1A gene in humans. Essentially Il-1 is in charge of inflammation and the rising of fever and sepsis. In order to disturb the mentioned processes and treatment for diseases, inhibitors for Interleukin 1 alpha are being developed. Neutrophils and macrophages are the main activators of IL-1 alpha, as well as endothelial and epithelial cells. By binding to the il1 receptor it is a major part in the immune response regulation. In the activation process of tumor necrosis factor-alpha the IL1A has a part as well, and has physiological, metabolic and hematopoietic activities.

cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform Calpha1 (PRKACA) belongs to the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PRKACA is responsible for phosphorylating other proteins and substrates, changing their activity. The PRKACA protein is a member of the AGC kinase family, and contributes to the regulation of cellular processes which include glucose metabolism, cell division, and contextual memory.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. This particular family member plays an important role in the onset of endochondral bone formation in humans, and a reduction in expression has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Alternative splicing in the 5' untranslated region of this gene has been described and three variants are described, all encoding an identical protein.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called Human herpes virus 4 (HHV-4), is a virusof the herpes family (which includes Herpes simplex virusand Cytomegalo virus. On infecting the B-lymphocyte, the linear virus genome circularizes and the virus subsequently persists within the cell as an episome. The virus can execute several distinct programs of gene expressionwhich can be broadly categorized as being lytic cycle or latent cycle. The lytic cycleor productive infection results in staged expression of a host of viral proteinswith the ultimate objective of producing infectious virions. Formally, this phase of infection does not inevitably lead to lysis of the host cellas EBV virions are produced by budding from the infected cell. The latent cycle(lysogenic) programs are those that do not result in production of virions. A very limited, distinct set of viral proteins are produced during latent cycle infection. These include Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen(EBNA)-1, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C, EBNA-leader protein (EBNA-LP) and latent membrane proteins(LMP)-1, LMP-2A and LMP-2B and the Epstein-Barr encoded RNAs(EBERs).

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, and cancer.