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SGTA is a ubiquitously expressed protein that contains three TPR protein-protein interaction duplicates. SGTA takes part as a component of the androgen receptor (AR)-chaperone-cochaperone complex, functions as a cochaperone and participates in androgen signaling. SGTA binds directly to HSC70 and HSP70 and mediates their ATPase activity. SGTA gene encodes a protein that is able to interact with the chief nonstructural protein of parvovirus H-1 and 70-kDa heat shock cognate. In addition, SGTA interacts with Vpu and Gag from HIV-1, SARS-CoV accessory protein 7a, DNAJC5 and DNAJC5B. Since this transcript is expressed universally in several tissues, SGTA serves a housekeeping function. While being involved in apoptosis and androgen signaling, SGTA is a possible molecule for polycystic ovary syndrome, a disorder characterized by androgen excess, obesity and menstrual disturbances.

Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Gamma Transducing 1, also known as GNGT1 is amember of the G protein gamma family. GNGT1 is implicated in various transmembrane signaling systems as a modulator or transducer. In addition GNGT1 (beta & gamma chains) is required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein- effector interaction.

Gametocyte Specific Factor 1 (GTSF1) is a member of the UPF0224 (FAM112) family and contains 1 CHHC-type zinc finger. A key paralog of the GTSF1 gene is GTSF1L.

FUBP1 is a ssDNA binding protein which stimulates expression of c-myc in undifferentiated cells and activates the far upstream element (FUSE) of c-myc. Regulation of FUSE by FUBP happens by single-strand binding of FUBP to the non-coding strand. FUBP1 performs as an ATP-dependent DNA helicase.

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein FABP4 is a 15 kDa member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, which is known for the ability to bind fatty acids and related compounds (bile acids or retinoids) in an internal cavity. FABP4 is expressed in a differentiation-dependent fashion in adipocytes and is a critical gene in the regulation of the biological function of these cells. In mice, targeted mutations in FABP4 provide significant protection from hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the context of both dietary and genetic obesity. Adipocytes obtained from FABP4-deficient mice also have reduced efficiency of ipolysis in vitro and in vivo, and these mice exhibited moderately improved systemic dyslipidemia. Recent studies also demonstrated FABP4 expression in macrophages upon differentiation and activation. In these cells, FABP4 modulates inflammatory responses and cholesterol ester accumulation, and total or macrophage-specific FABP4 deficiency confers dram

BST2 takes part in the growth and development of B-cells. The human cellular protein BST2 inhibits retrovirus infection by maintaining the diffusion of virus particles after budding from infected cells. BST2 was originally discovered as an inhibitor to HIV-1 infection in the absence of Vpu, but it is also known to inhibit the release of other viruses such as the Lassa and Marburg virions. In addition, BST2 has a part in B-cell activation in rheumatoid arthritis.

MGAT2 is an enzyme which takes part in the catalyzation of a crucial step in the reaction of oligomannose which converts to complex N-glycans. MGAT2 has three domains, classic to glycosyltransferase: short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a C-terminal catalytic domain and hydrophobic non-cleavable signal-anchor domain. The enzyme MGAT2 is encoded by the MGAT2 gene in humans. There are no introns in the DNA coding the gene, therefore mutations in the MGAT2 will result in carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, type II.

Glutamyl-TRNA Amidotransferase, Subunit C also known as GATC allows the formation of properly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction occurs in the attendance of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln). In addition, GATC is subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A (QRSL1), B (PET112) and C (GATC) subunits.

PSMA is a cancer antigen that is widely expressed as a noncovalent homodimer on the surface of prostate cancer cells, rather than on normal cells, therefore it is an interesting target to image prostate tissues when being used with radioactive antibodies. PSMA is expressed on the surface of novel blood vessels that nourish a broad range of other solid tumors. PSMA is a type II membrane protein with folate hydrolase activity produced by prostatic epithelium. PSMA expression is found in extraprostatic tissues, including small bowel and brain.

HMOX1 cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form Biliverdin. Biliverdin is then converted to Bilirubin by Biliverdin reductase. In physiological state, the highest activity of HMOX1 is found in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed. Heme Oxygenase-1 is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function and its adaptive response to a variety of stressors. HMOX1 is induced in the colon of ulcerative colitis. HMOX1 is found to overexpress with a higher extent of intraplaque angiogenesis implies a multi-faceted role for HMOX1 in modulating the progression of atherosclerosis. HMOX1 expression reduced LPS-stimulated secretion of MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha in murine and human macrophages.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) is also known as "extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2" (ERK2). Two similar (85% sequence identity) protein kinases were originally called ERK1 and ERK2. They were found during a search for protein kinases that are rapidly phosphorylated after activation of cell surface tyrosine kinasessuch as the epidermal growth factor receptor. Phosphorylation of ERKs leads to the activation of their kinase activity. The molecular events linking cell surface receptors to activation of ERKs are complex. It was found that RasGTP-binding proteins are involved in the activation of ERKs. Another protein kinase, Raf-1, was shown to phosphorylate a "MAPK kinase", thus qualifying as a "MAPK kinase kinase". The MAPK kinase was named "MAPK/ERK kinase" (MEK). Receptor-linked tyrosine kinases, Ras, Raf, MEK and MAPK could be fitted into a signaling cascade linking an extracellular signal to MAPK activation. Transgenic gene knockoutmice lacking MAPK1 have major defects in early development.

CD-90 plays a role in cell-cell or cell-ligand interactions during synaptogenesis and other events in the brain Thy-1 is the designation for a major cell surface glycoprotein characteristic to T cells,. The Thy-1 glycoproteins are constituents of thymocytes and neurons and probably are involved in cell-cell interactions. Human Thy-1 homolog maps to chromosome 11 because that is where T3D is found, in the mouse T3D and Thy-1 map to chromosome 9 along with certain other loci that are on human 11q.

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing three outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein plays an important role in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.It has recently been shown that SARS is caused by a human coronavirus. Human coronaviruses are the major cause of upper respiratory tract illness in humans, such as the common cold. Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses, featuring the largest viral RNA genomes known to date (27-31 kb). The first step in coronavirus infection is binding of the viral spike protein, a 139-kDa protein, to certain receptors on host cells. The spike protein is the main surface antigen of the coronavirus. The most prominent protein in the culture supernatants infected with SARS virus is a 46 kDa nucleocapsid protein. This suggests that the nucleocapsid protein is a major immunogen that may be useful for early diagnostics.

Kallikrein-3 (KLK3) belongs to the kallikrein-related peptidase family. Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having various physiological functions. Numerous kallikreins are involved in carcinogenesis and some may be prospective cancer and other disease biomarkers. Kallikrein-3 is 1 of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and is a protease present in seminal plasma. KLK3 hydrolyzes semenogelin-1 consequently leading to the liquefaction of the seminal coagulum. KLK3 is assumed to act normally in the liquefaction of seminal coagulum, probably by hydrolysis of the high molecular mass seminal vesicle protein. Serum level of the KLK3 protein, called PSA in the clinical setting, is beneficial in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma.

PCNA is located in the nucleus and is a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. PCNA acts as a homotrimer and helps elevate the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication. In reaction to DNA damage, PCNA is ubiquitinated and takes part in the RAD6-dependent DNA repair pathway. 2 transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for PCNA gene. Pseudogenes of this PCNA gene have been described on chromosome 4 and on the X chromosome. PCNA is expressed during late G1- phase, S-phase of mitosis and persists until the end of the M-phase because of its long biological half-life. PCNA is induced by UV irradiation.

CRABP1 is a member of special carrier proteins for members of the vitamin A family. It is believed that CRABP1 has an essential role in retinoic acid-mediated differentiation and proliferation processes. Though, CRABP1 is structurally similar to the cellular retinol-binding proteins, it binds only retinoic acid at specific sites within the nucleus, which may contribute to vitamin A-directed differentiation in epithelial tissue. CRABP1 is constitutively expressed and is thought to have different functions in the cell than the related CRABP2. CRABP1 forms a beta-barrel structure which accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior. Loss of CRABP1 function as a result of hypermethylation of its promoter leads to pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, frequent methylation-associated silencing of CRABP1 is linked to esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma.

S100A4 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins such as calmodulin and troponin C. S100A is composed of an alpha and beta chain whereas S100B is composed of two beta chains. S100 protein is also expressed in the antigen presenting cells such as the Langerhans cells in skin and interdigitating reticulum cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes. S100 proteins are localized either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of a wide range of cells. S100 proteins are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A4 may function in motility, invasion, and tubulin polymerization. There are at least 13 members in the S100 gene family, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of the S100A4 gene have been implicated in tumor metastasis.

Eotaxin-2, also called MPIF2 & Ck?6, is a novel CC chemokine produced by activated monocytes and T lymphocytes. Eotaxin-2 selectively chemoattracts cells expressing CCR3 including eosinophils, basophils, Th2 T cells, mast cells, and certain subsets of dendritic cells. Furthermore, Eotaxin-2 inhibits the proliferation of multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells. The mature protein, which includes C-terminal truncation, contains 78 amino acids (92 amino acids for the mouse homolog, without C-terminal truncation).
CCL24 functions as a chemotactic chemokine for resting t-lymphocytes, and eosinophils. CCL24 has lower chemotactic activity for neutrophils but none for monocytes and activated lymphocytes. CCL24 is a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line and binds to CCR3.

Peroxisome proliferators are non-genotoxic carcinogens which are purported to exert their effect on cells through their interaction with members of the nuclear hormone receptor family termed peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs). Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-dependent intracellular proteins that stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to specific DNA sequences following activation by the appropriate ligand. Studies indicate that PPARs are activated by peroxisome proliferators such as clofibric acid, nafenopin, and WY-14,643, as well as by some fatty acids.

Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers (SUMOs) are a family of small, related proteins that can be enzymatically attached to a target protein by a post-translational modification process termed sumoylation. Unlike ubiquitination, which targets proteins for degradation, sumoylation participates in a number of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. All SUMO proteins share the conserved ubiquitin domain and the C-terminal diglycine cleavage/attachment site. Human SUMO2, also known as Sentrin2 and SMT3B is synthesized as a 95 amino acid (aa), 11 kDa propeptide that contains a two aa C-terminal prosegment, and an 18 aa N-terminal protein interacting region (aa 33 -50). Following prosegment cleavage, the C-terminal glycine is enzymatically attached to a lysine on a target protein. Human SUMO2 shares 100% sequence identity to SUMO-2 from mouse. SUMO2 also has very high sequence homology to SUMO3 and SUMO4, 86 % and 85%, respectivel

AHA1 is a cochaperone that stimulates hsp90 ATPase activity. AHSA1 binds the middle domain of Hsp90 (amino acid 272-627) and functions as an ATPase-activating protein that competes with p23 and other co-chaperones for Hsp90 binding.
AHA1 affects a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to golgi trafficking.

Carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog (CMBL) is a cysteine hydrolase of the dienelactone hydrolase family which is highly expressed in the liver cytosol. CMBL is the human homolog of Pseudomonas dienelactone hydrolase, which is a protein that participates in the bacterial halocatechol degradation pathway. CMBL which preferentially cleaves cyclic esters activates medoxomil-ester prodrugs in which the medoxomil moiety is coupled with an oxygen atom. CMBL is inhibited by PCMB (p-chloromercuribenzoate) and is encoded by a gene which maps to human chromosome 5p15.2. Furthermore, CMBL converts the prodrug olmesartan medoxomil into its pharmacologically active metabolite olmerstatan, which is an angiotensin receptor blocker, in the liver and intestine. CMBL can also activate beta-lactam antibiotics faropenem medoxomil and lenampicillin. CMBL is widely expressed, with the highest levels in the liver, followed by the kidney, small intestine and the colon.

PAIP2 has a role as a repressor in the regulation of translation initiation of poly(A)-containing mRNAs. PAIP2 inhibitory activity on translation is mediated through its action on PABPC1. PAIP2 displaces the interaction of PABPC1 with poly(A) RNA and competes with PAIP1 for binding to PABPC1. PAIP2 association with PABPC1 results in disruption of the cytoplasmic poly(A) RNP structure organization.

MYL4 is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein which is composed of two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, two heavy chains and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. MYL4 encodes a myosin alkali light chain which is located in embryonic muscle and adult atria. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein were found for this gene.