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Cathepsin-A (CTSA) is a protective protein which is crucial for both the activity of beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase, CTSA associates with these enzymes and exerts a protective function required for their stability and activity. The CTSA protein is also a carboxypeptidase and can deamidate tachykinins. CTSA is a component of the lysosomal multienzyme complex along with beta-galactosidase and sialidase Neu1. CTSA is a multicatalytic enzyme with deamidase and esterase in addition to carboxypeptidase activities.

SNRPA associates with stem loop II of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, which binds the 5' splice site of precursor mRNAs and is essential for splicing. The SNRPA protein autoregulates itself by polyadenylation inhibition of its own pre-mRNA via dimerization and is involved in the coupling of splicing and polyadenylation. SNRPA binds stem loop II of U1 snRNA. SNRPA is the first snRNP to interact with pre-mRNA. This interaction is vital for the subsequent binding of U2 snRNP and the U4/U6/U5 tri-snRNP.

PDIA6 belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family (PDI). PDIA6 is an enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes or periplasmic space of prokaryotes which catalyzes the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues within proteins as they fold. PDIA6 functions as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins. PDIA6, also has a role in platelet aggregation and activation by agonists such as convulxin, collagen and thrombin.

DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB11-b2 (POLR2J3) is a member of the eukaryotic RPB11 RNA polymerase subunit family. POLR2J (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit J) exists in 3 variants POLR2J1 (RPB11-a), POLR2J2 (RPB11-b1), and POLR2J3 (RPB11-b2). POLR2J3 is a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.

GLUL catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. Glutamine is a major source of energy and that takes part in cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and cell signaling. GLUL is expressed during early fetal stages, and has a role in maintaining body pH by removing ammonia from circulation. Mutations in GLUL gene are related with congenital glutamine deficiency.

LGALS8 is a prostate-specific antigen that is solely overexpressed in malignant tumors and thus is a supplementary specific identifier of malignancies. LGALS8 is part of the galectin gene family which facilitates both cell-cell and cell matrix interactions in a method parallel to the selectin subgroup of C-type lectins.

ACAA1 is part of the thiolase family of enzymes and is takes part in lipid metabolism. ACAA1 enzyme is localized to the peroxisome and catalyzes the conversion of acyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to 3-oxoacyl-CoA in the fatty acid oxidation pathway. ACAA1 shows high enzymatic activity in liver, kidney, intestine and white adipose tissue in rats. ACAA1 deficiency causes pseudo-Zellweger syndrome.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes (1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

NUDT21 belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family of pyrophosphatases. NUDT21 localizes to the paraspeckles and forms a heterodimer with CPSF6 or CPSF7 to comprise the CFIm (mammalian cleavage factor I) complex. NUDT21 being the smaller subunit of the complex, is present in all heterodimer combinations. NUDT21 has a vital role in pre-mRNA 3' cleavage and polyadenylation processing.

PCBP1 is a single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein that binds preferentially to oligo dC. PCBP1 plays a role in formation of a sequence-specific alpha-globin mRNP complex which is associated with alpha-globin mRNA stability. PCBP1 along with PCBP-2 and hnRNPK corresponds to the major cellular poly(rC)-binding protein. PCBP1 and PCBP-2 also functions as translational coactivators of poliovirus RNA via a sequence-specific interaction with stem-loop IV of the IRES and promotes poliovirus RNA replication by binding to its 5'-terminal cloverleaf structure.

Purkinje cell protein 4-like protein 1 (PCP4L1) is a member of the PCP4 family and contains 1 IQ domain. PCP4L1 is a protein-coding gene.

FAM50A is a member of the FAM50 family. FAM50A is highly conserved in length and sequence among numerous species. FAM50A is a basic protein comprised of a nuclear localization signal, and can function as a DNA-binding protein or a transcriptional factor. FAM50A expressed in all tissues mainly abundant in fetal brain, liver and kidney. High levels of FAM50A were observed in the adult's skeletal muscle, spleen, thymus, prostate and the small intestine.

Calpain, Small Subunit 1 (CAPNS1) belongs to the calpain small subunit family. Calpains are a ubiquitous, well-conserved family of calcium-dependent, cysteine proteases, widely distributed in mammalian cells. Calpain families are implicated in neurodegenerative processes, considering that their activation can be triggered by calcium influx and oxidative stress. Calpains function as heterodimers, comprising a specific large catalytic subunit (calpain 1 subunit in Calpain I, and calpain 2 subunit in Calpain II), and a common small regulatory subunit encoded by the CAPNS1 gene. The CAPNS1 protein is vital for the stability and function of both calpain heterodimers, whose proteolytic activities influence numerous cellular functions including apoptosis, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and autophagy.

Capping Protein (Actin Filament) Muscle Z-Line, Alpha 2 also known as CAPZA2 belongs the F-actin capping protein alpha subunit family. It is the alpha subunit of the barbed-end actin binding protein Cap Z. By capping the barbed end of actin filaments, Cap Z regulates the growth of the actin filaments at the barbed end. Among the diseases associated with CAPZA2 are endocarditis, and cervicitis.

CBR1 is one of numerous monomeric, NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases having ubiquistly specificity for carbonyl compounds. CBR1 is broadly distributed in human tissues. CBR1 metabolizes toxic environmental quinones and pharmacological relevant substrates. CBR1 converts prostaglandin E2 to prostaglandin F2-alpha.

CBX1 is an enriched heterochromatin which belongs to the heterochromatin protein family. The centromeres related CBX1 identifies and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9', causing epigenetic repression. Collaboration with lamin B receptor (LBR) can impact the relations between the heterochromatin and the inner nuclear membrane. CBX1 has a vital part in the epigenetic control of chromatin structure and gene expression.

Human Pin 1 is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) that interacts with NIMA and essential for cell cycle regulation Pin1 is nuclear PPIase containing a WW protein interaction domain, and is structurally and functionally related to Ess1/Ptf1, an essential protein in budding yeast. PPIase activity is necessary for Ess1/Pin1 function in yeast. Pin1 is thus an essential PPIase that regulates mitosis presumably by interacting with NIMA and attenuating its mitosis-promoting activity. Substrates of Pin1 include the mitotic regulators (Cdc25 phosphatase and NIMA, PLK I, Wee, and Myt1 kinases), several transcription factors like b-Catenin, c-Jun, and the tumor suppressor protein p53, and some specific proteins like the RNA Pol II, the cytoskeleton protein tau, and the G1/S protein Cyclin D1.

GCSAM is a protein which functions in signal transduction pathways and whose expression raises in germinal cell lymphomas. GCSAM contains a putative PDZ-interacting domain, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), and two putative SH2 binding sites. In B cells, GCSAM expression is particularly induced by interleukin-4.

Canopy 3 homolog (CNPY3) is a 271 a.aToll-like receptor specific co-chaperone for HSP90B1. CNPY3 is necessitated for proper TLR folding, excluding that of TLR3, and so controls TLR exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, CNPY3i s required for both innate and adaptive immune responses.

RAD51 family members are evolutionarily conserved proteins vital for DNA repair by homologous recombination. RAD51B is a part of the RAD51 protein family. RAD51B is involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway of double-stranded DNA breaks occurring during DNA replication or induced by DNA-damaging agents. RAD51B forms a stable heterodimer with the family member RAD51C, which interacts with the other family members, such as RAD51, XRCC2, and XRCC3. Overexpression of RAD51B leads to cell cycle G1 delay and cell apoptosis.

Pen a 1.0101 is a Tropomyosin and the only major allergen in brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus. The panallergen is highly conserved and soluble muscle protein. Pen a 1.0101 is has an alpha-helical homodimeric, coiled-coil structure.

Human papillomavirus family consist of over 200 types. Over than 30 to 40 types of HPV are transferred via sexual contact and infect the anogenital region initiating genital warts. Persistent infection with "high-risk" HPV types results in skin warts and leads to precancerous lesions and invasive cancer. HPV infection is considered as a source for all incidents of cervical cancer. E2, E6, and E7 proteins of HPV-16 and 18 are considered the main viral oncoproteins that take part in cervical cancer. The type-specific antigen epitopes of E2, E6, and E7 proteins of HPV-16 are fused together and expressed in E. coli for diagnostic purpose.

PLAUR is one of 2 activators which convert the extracellular zymogen plasminogen to plasmin, a serine protease involved in a various normal and pathological processes that require cell migration and/or tissue destruction. PLAUR protein is synthesized and released from cells as a single-chain proenzyme with narrow enzymatic activity and is converted to an active two-chain disulfide-linked active enzyme by plasmin and other specific proteinases.