Search: 171 results found for "Platelet Factor-4 (CXCL4)"

Description:

GRO-beta/MIP-2 Rat Recombinant (CXCL2)

Macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha, MIP2-alpha, CXCL2, Growth- regulated protein beta, Gro-beta, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, GRO2, GROb, MIP2, MIP2A, SCYB2, MGSA-b, MIP-2a, CINC-2a, MGSA beta, CINC-3.

Product # :

CHM-372

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Description

GRO-Beta Rat Recombinant also called Rat MIP-2 produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 73 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 7923 Dalton. The GRO-b is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

Lyophilized from a 0.2µm filtered concentrated solution in PBS, pH 7.4.

Purity

Greater than 99.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

The biological activity was determined by its ability to chemoattract total human neutrophils using a concentration range of 1.0-10.0 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 100,000-1,000,000 units/mg.

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Introduction
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2). CXCL2 is 90% identical in amino acid sequence as a related chemokine, CXCL1. This chemokine is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. The gene for CXCL2 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines. CXCL2 mobilizes cells by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2.
Synonyms
Macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha, MIP2-alpha, CXCL2, Growth- regulated protein beta, Gro-beta, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, GRO2, GROb, MIP2, MIP2A, SCYB2, MGSA-b, MIP-2a, CINC-2a, MGSA beta, CINC-3.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized GRO-b although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL2 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA). Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized GRO-beta Rat in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
VVVASELRCQ CLTTLPRVDF KNIQSLTVTP PGPHCAQTEV IATLKDGHEV CLNPEAPLVQ RIVQKILNKG KAN.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL2 RAT Protein?
CXCL2 RAT Protein has a total Mw of 7.92kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL2 RAT Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL2 RAT Protein?
CXCL2 RAT Protein is >99% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL2 RAT Protein?
The biological activity was determined by its ability to chemoattract total human neutrophils using a concentration range of 1.0-10.0 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 100,000-1,000,000 units/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL2 RAT Protein?
VVVASELRCQ CLTTLPRVDF KNIQSLTVTP PGPHCAQTEV IATLKDGHEV CLNPEAPLVQ RIVQKILNKG KAN.

What applications can CXCL2 RAT Protein be used in?
CXCL2 RAT Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL2 RAT Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL2 RAT Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

I-TAC Human Recombinant (CXCL11)

Small inducible cytokine B11, CXCL11, I-TAC, IP-9, H174, Beta-R1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11, IP9, b-R1, SCYB11, SCYB9B, MGC102770.

Product # :

CHM-334

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Description

I-TAC Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 73 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8300 Dalton. The I-TAC is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

Lyophilized from a 0.2?m filtered concentrated (0.5mg/ml) solution in 20mM PB, pH 7.4, 100mM NaCl.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Determined by its ability to chemoattract human IL-2 activated T-Lymphocytes using a concentration range of 0.1-10.0 ng/ml.

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Introduction
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokinen family that is also called inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and (IP-9). I-TAC is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-g and IFN-b, and weakly induced by IFN-a. The I-TAC chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. I-TAC is chemotactic for activated T cells. The CXCL11 gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.
Synonyms
Small inducible cytokine B11, CXCL11, I-TAC, IP-9, H174, Beta-R1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11, IP9, b-R1, SCYB11, SCYB9B, MGC102770.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized I-TAC although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution I-TAC should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized I-TAC in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
FPMFKRGRCLCIGPGVKAVKVADIEKASIMYPSNNCDKIEVIITLKENKGQRCLNPKSKQARLIIKKVERKNF.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (CXCL6) Bovine Recombinant

C-X-C motif chemokine 6, Chemokine alpha 3, CKA-3, Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2, GCP-2, Small-inducible cytokine B6.

Product # :

CHM-040

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Description

Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (CXCL6) Bovine Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 76 amino acids and having a molecular mass of approximately 8.0kDa.GCP2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

Lyophilized from a 0.2μm filtered concentrated solution in 20 mM PB and 500mM NaCl, pH 7.0.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

The biological activity determined by a chemotaxis bioassay using human neutrophils is 10-50 ng/ml.

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Introduction
Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (CXCL6), also known as GCP-2, is a Chemotactic for neutrophil granulocytes. GCP-2 signals through binding and activation of its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2). GCP-2 has strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in addition to its chemotactic and angiogenic property.
Synonyms
C-X-C motif chemokine 6, Chemokine alpha 3, CKA-3, Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2, GCP-2, Small-inducible cytokine B6.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized GCP2 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (CXCL6) should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (CXCL6) in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
GPVAAVVREL RCVCLTTTPG IHPKTVSDLQ VIAAGPQCSK VEVIATLKNG REVCLDPEAP LIKKIVQKIL DSGKNN.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL6 BOVINE Protein?
CXCL6 BOVINE Protein has a total Mw of 8.0kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL6 BOVINE Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL6 BOVINE Protein?
CXCL6 BOVINE Protein is >97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL6 BOVINE Protein?
The biological activity determined by a chemotaxis bioassay using human neutrophils is 10-50 ng/ml.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL6 BOVINE Protein?
GPVAAVVREL RCVCLTTTPG IHPKTVSDLQ VIAAGPQCSK VEVIATLKNG REVCLDPEAP LIKKIVQKIL DSGKNN.

What applications can CXCL6 BOVINE Protein be used in?
CXCL6 BOVINE Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL6 BOVINE Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL6 BOVINE Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

VEGF Co-regulated Chemokine 1, His Tag Human Recombinant

Dcip1, DMC, MGC138300, UNQ473, VCC-1, VCC1, VEGF coregulated chemokine 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 17, Dendritic cell and monocyte chemokine-like protein.

Product # :

CHM-024

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SDS-PAGE

Description

CXCL17 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 119 amino acids (22-119 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 13.7kDa.CXCL17 is fused to a 21 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

CXCL17 protein solution (0.5mg/ml) contains 20mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), 0.4M Urea and 10% glycerol.

Purity

Greater than 85.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

SDS-PAGE

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Introduction
Dendritic cell and monocyte chemokinelike protein (DMC/CXCL17/VEGF-correlated chemokine 1/VCC1), is a secreted molecule with a size and predicted 3-dimensional folding pattern similar to that of chemokines CXCL8/IL8 and CXCL14/BRAK. CXCL17 is constitutively generated by airway and intestinal epithelium. CXCL17 induces the chemotaxis of quiescent, but not LPS-activated peripheral blood monocytes and dendritic cells, and it also binds these cells specifically. The expression of CXCL17 is increased in endothelial cells when they are induced to form tubes in vitro. CXCL17, CXCL1/GRO and CXCL8/IL8 which have roles in angiogenesis, show significantly correlated expression with that of VEGF in primary lung, breast and esophageal tumors. Therefore, CXCL17 is suggested to have a role in tumor angiogenesis. The mature Rat CXCL17 shares 82%, 71% amino acid sequence identity with mouse, human CXCL17, respectively.
Synonyms
Dcip1, DMC, MGC138300, UNQ473, VCC-1, VCC1, VEGF coregulated chemokine 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 17, Dendritic cell and monocyte chemokine-like protein.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered clear solution.
Stability
Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Amino Acid Sequence
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MSSLNPGVAR GHRDRGQASR RWLQEGGQEC ECKDWFLRAP RRKFMTVSGL PKKQCPCDHF KGNVKKTRHQ RHHRKPNKHS RACQQFLKQC QLRSFALPL.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein has a total Mw of 13.7kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein is >85% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
The biological functionality of CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MSSLNPGVAR GHRDRGQASR RWLQEGGQEC ECKDWFLRAP RRKFMTVSGL PKKQCPCDHF KGNVKKTRHQ RHHRKPNKHS RACQQFLKQC QLRSFALPL.

What applications can CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein be used in?
CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL17 HUMAN, HIS Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Fractalkine Human Recombinant (CX3CL1)

Fractalkine, CX3CL1, Neurotactin, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Small inducible cytokine D1, NTN, NTT, CXC3, CXC3C, SCYD1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine.

Product # :

CHM-235

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Description

Fractalkine Human Recombinant- produced in E.Coli is a single,non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 76 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8638 Dalton. The Fractalkine is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

The CX3CL1 was lyophilized from a 0.2μm filtered concentrated (1.0 mg/ml) solution in 20mM Phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 50mM NaCl.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

The Biological activity is calculated by its ability to chemoattract human T-Lymphocytes using a concentration range of 5.0-10.0 ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 100,000-200,000IU/mg.

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Introduction
Fractalkine soluble form is chemotactic for t-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils. Fractalkine membrane-bound form promotes adhesion of those leukocytes to endothelial cells. Fractalkine regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium and binds to CX3CR1. Natural Human Fractalkine is produced as a long protein (373-amino acid) with an extended mucin-like stalk and a chemokine domain on top. The mucin-like stalk permits it to bind to the cell surface. Fractalkine gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22.
Synonyms
Fractalkine, CX3CL1, Neurotactin, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Small inducible cytokine D1, NTN, NTT, CXC3, CXC3C, SCYD1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized CX3CL1 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CX3CL1 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized CX3CL1 in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
QHHGVTKCNITCSKMTSKIPVALLIHYQQNQASCGKRAIILETRQHRLFCADPKEQW VKDAMQHLDRQAAALTRNG.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein?
CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein has a total Mw of 8.63kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein?
CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein is >97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein?
The Biological activity is calculated by its ability to chemoattract human T-Lymphocytes using a concentration range of 5.0-10.0 ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 100,000-200,000IU/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein?
QHHGVTKCNITCSKMTSKIPVALLIHYQQNQASCGKRAIILETRQHRLFCADPKEQW VKDAMQHLDRQAAALTRNG.

What applications can CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein be used in?
CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CX3CL1 HUMAN Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

VEGF Co-regulated Chemokine 1 Human Recombinant

VEGF coregulated chemokine 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 17, Dendritic cell and monocyte chemokine-like protein, DMC, CXCL17, VCC1, Dcip1, VCC-1, UNQ473.

Product # :

CHM-019

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Description

CXCL17 Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 98 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 11.5kDa.The CXCL17 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

CXCL17 protein was lyophilized from a 0.2µm filtered concentrated solution in PBS, pH 7.4, containing 3% Trehalose.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

The ED₅₀as determined by its ability to induce VEGF expression using murine endothelial cells is less than 5.0µg/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of > 200IU/mg.

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Introduction
Dendritic cell and monocyte chemokinelike protein (DMC/CXCL17/VEGF-correlated chemokine 1/VCC1), is a secreted molecule with a size and predicted 3-dimensional folding pattern similar to that of chemokines CXCL8/IL8 and CXCL14/BRAK. CXCL17 is constitutively generated by airway and intestinal epithelium. CXCL17 induces the chemotaxis of quiescent, but not LPS-activated peripheral blood monocytes and dendritic cells, and it also binds these cells specifically. The expression of CXCL17 is increased in endothelial cells when they are induced to form tubes in vitro. CXCL17, CXCL1/GRO and CXCL8/IL8 which have roles in angiogenesis, show significantly correlated expression with that of VEGF in primary lung, breast and esophageal tumors. Therefore, CXCL17 is suggested to have a role in tumor angiogenesis. The mature Rat CXCL17 shares 82%, 71% amino acid sequence identity with mouse, human CXCL17, respectively.
Synonyms
VEGF coregulated chemokine 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 17, Dendritic cell and monocyte chemokine-like protein, DMC, CXCL17, VCC1, Dcip1, VCC-1, UNQ473.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized CXCL17 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL17 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA). Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized CXCL17 in sterile 18M-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
SSLNPGVARG HRDRGQASRR WLQEGGQECE CKDWFLRAPR RKFMTVSGLP KKQCPCDHFK GNVKKTRHQR HHRKPNKHSR ACQQFLKQCQ LRSFALPL.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL17 HUMAN Protein?
CXCL17 HUMAN Protein has a total Mw of 11.5kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL17 HUMAN Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL17 HUMAN Protein?
CXCL17 HUMAN Protein is >97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL17 HUMAN Protein?
The ED50 as determined by its ability to induce VEGF expression using murine endothelial cells is less than 5.0µg/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of > 200IU/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL17 HUMAN Protein?
SSLNPGVARG HRDRGQASRR WLQEGGQECE CKDWFLRAPR RKFMTVSGLP KKQCPCDHFK GNVKKTRHQR HHRKPNKHSR ACQQFLKQCQ LRSFALPL.

What applications can CXCL17 HUMAN Protein be used in?
CXCL17 HUMAN Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL17 HUMAN Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL17 HUMAN Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Epithelial Neutrophil-Activating Protein 78 Human Recombinant (CXCL5)

Small inducible cytokine B5, CXCL5, Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein 78, Neutrophil-activating peptide ENA-78, ENA-78(1-78), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, SCYB5.

Product # :

CHM-331

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Description

Epithelial Neutrophil-Activating Protein 78 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 74 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8020 Dalton. The CXCL5 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

The CXCL5 was lyophilized from a concentrated (1mg/ml) solution in water containing no additives.

Purity

Greater than 95.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

The biological activity was determined by measuring the dose dependent mobilization of intracellular calcium (calcium flux) with human neutrophils. Significant calcium mobilization is observed with 100ng/mL (corresponding to a Specific Activity of 10,000IU/mg) of recombinant human ENA-78.

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Introduction
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (CXCL5) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78). It is produced following stimulation of cells with the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Expression of CXCL5 has also been observed in eosinophils, and can be inhibited with the type II IFN. This chemokine stimulates the chemotaxis of neutrophils possesses angiogenic properties. It elicits these effects by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL5 is encoded on four exons and is located on human chromosome 4 amongst several other CXC chemokine genes. CXCL5 has been implicated in connective tissue remodelling.
Synonyms
Small inducible cytokine B5, CXCL5, Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein 78, Neutrophil-activating peptide ENA-78, ENA-78(1-78), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, SCYB5.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized ENA78 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL5 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized ENA-78 in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
The sequence of the first five N-terminal amino acids was determined and was found to be, Ala- Ala -Val-Leu-Arg.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL5 HUMAN Protein?
CXCL5 HUMAN Protein has a total Mw of 8.02kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL5 HUMAN Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL5 HUMAN Protein?
CXCL5 HUMAN Protein is >95% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL5 HUMAN Protein?
The biological activity was determined by measuring the dose dependent mobilization of intracellular calcium (calcium flux) with human neutrophils. Significant calcium mobilization is observed with 100ng/mL (corresponding to a Specific Activity of 10,000IU/mg) of recombinant human ENA-78.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL5 HUMAN Protein?
The sequence of the first five N-terminal amino acids was determined and was found to be, Ala- Ala -Val-Leu-Arg.

What applications can CXCL5 HUMAN Protein be used in?
CXCL5 HUMAN Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL5 HUMAN Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL5 HUMAN Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor 4 Human Recombinant

Neutrophil cytosol factor 4, NCF-4, Neutrophil NADPH oxidase factor 4, SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 4, p40-phox, p40phox, NCF4, SH3PXD4, NCF, SH3PXD4.

Product # :

PRO-1258

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Shipped with Ice Packs

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Description

NCF4 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 359 amino acids (1-339 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 41.1kDa.NCF4 is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

NCF4 protein solution (1mg/ml) containing 20mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), 0.1M NaCl, 10% glycerol and 1mM DTT.

Purity

Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

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Introduction
Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor 4 (NCF4) is a cytosolic regulatory factor of the superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH-oxidase, which is a multicomponent enzyme system imperative for host defense. The NCF4 protein is preferentially expressed in cells of myeloid lineage. NCF4 interacts mainly with neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2/p67-phox) to create a complex with neutrophil cytosolic factor (NCF1/p47-phox), which further interacts with the small G protein RAC1 and translocates to the membrane upon cell stimulation. This complex subsequently activates flavocytochrome b, the membrane-integratedcatalytic core of the enzyme system. The PX domain of the NCF4 protein can bind phospholipid products of the PI(3) kinase, suggesting its part in PI(3) kinase-mediated signaling events. The phosphorylation of the NCF4 protein negatively regulates the enzyme activity.
Synonyms
Neutrophil cytosol factor 4, NCF-4, Neutrophil NADPH oxidase factor 4, SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 4, p40-phox, p40phox, NCF4, SH3PXD4, NCF, SH3PXD4.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.
Stability
Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Amino Acid Sequence
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MAVAQQLRAE SDFEQLPDDV AISANIADIE EKRGFTSHFV FVIEVKTKGG SKYLIYRRYR QFHALQSKLE ERFGPDSKSS ALACTLPTLP AKVYVGVKQE IAEMRIPALN AYMKSLLSLP VWVLMDEDVR IFFYQSPYDS EQVPQALRRL RPRTRKVKSV SPQGNSVDRM AAPRAEALFD FTGNSKLELN FKAGDVIFLL SRINKDWLEG TVRGATGIFP LSFVKILKDF PEEDDPTNWL RCYYYEDTIS TIKDIAVEED LSSTPLLKDL LELTRREFQR EDIALNYRDA EGDLVRLLSD EDVALMVRQA RGLPSQKRLF PWKLHITQKD NYRVYNTMP.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

GRO-Alpha/MGSA Human Recombinant (CXCL1), His Tag

Growth-regulated protein alpha, CXCL1, Melanoma growth stimulatory activity, MGSA, Neutrophil-activating protein 3, NAP-3, GRO-alpha(1-73), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, GRO1, GROa, SCYB1, MGSA-a, MGSA alpha.

Product # :

CHM-242

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Description

CXCL1 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single,non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 94 amino acids (35-107) and having a molecular mass of 10.1 kDa. The CXCL1 is fused to a 20 amino acid His-Tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

CXCL1 in 20mM Tris-HCL pH-8 and 10% glycerol.

Purity

Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

More Info

Introduction
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, Neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-?). It is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.
Synonyms
Growth-regulated protein alpha, CXCL1, Melanoma growth stimulatory activity, MGSA, Neutrophil-activating protein 3, NAP-3, GRO-alpha(1-73), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, GRO1, GROa, SCYB1, MGSA-a, MGSA alpha.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.
Stability
Liquid CXCL1 although stable at 10°C for 1 week, should be stored below -18°C. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Amino Acid Sequence
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MASVATELRC QCLQTLQGIH PKNIQSVNVK SPGPHCAQTE VIATLKNGRK ACLNPASPIV KKIIEKMLNS DKSN.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein has a total Mw of 10.1kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
The biological functionality of CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MASVATELRC QCLQTLQGIH PKNIQSVNVK SPGPHCAQTE VIATLKNGRK ACLNPASPIV KKIIEKMLNS DKSN.

What applications can CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein be used in?
CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Fractalkine Human Recombinant (CX3CL1), His Tag

Fractalkine, CX3CL1, Neurotactin, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Small inducible cytokine D1, NTN, NTT, CXC3, CXC3C, SCYD1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine.

Product # :

CHM-360

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SDS-PAGE

Description

Fractalkine Human Recombinant fused with a 20 amino acid His tag at N-terminus produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 97 amino acids (25-100 a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 10.9kDa. The Fractalkine is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

The Fractalkine solution (0.5 mg/ml) contains Phosphate Buffered Saline pH7.4 and 10% glycerol.

Purity

Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

SDS-PAGE

More Info

Introduction
Fractalkine soluble form is chemotactic for t-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils. Fractalkine membrane-bound form promotes adhesion of those leukocytes to endothelial cells. Fractalkine regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium and binds to CX3CR1. Natural Human Fractalkine is produced as a long protein (373-amino acid) with an extended mucin-like stalk and a chemokine domain on top. The mucin-like stalk permits it to bind to the cell surface. Fractalkine gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22.
Synonyms
Fractalkine, CX3CL1, Neurotactin, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Small inducible cytokine D1, NTN, NTT, CXC3, CXC3C, SCYD1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered clear solution.
Stability
Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks.Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Amino Acid Sequence
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MQHHGVTKCN ITCSKMTSKI PVALLIHYQQ NQASCGKRAI ILETRQHRLF CADPKEQWVK DAMQHLDRQA AALTRNG.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein has a total Mw of 10.9kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
The biological functionality of CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MQHHGVTKCN ITCSKMTSKI PVALLIHYQQ NQASCGKRAI ILETRQHRLF CADPKEQWVK DAMQHLDRQA AALTRNG.

What applications can CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein be used in?
CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CX3CL1 HUMAN, HIS Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

BCA-1/BLC Human Recombinant (CXCL13)

C-X-C motif chemokine 13, Small-inducible cytokine B13, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, CXC chemokine BLC, CXCL13, BCA1, BCA-1, CXCL-13, B cell Attracting Chemokine-1, BLC, ANGIE, BLR1L, SCYB13, ANGIE2.

Product # :

CHM-348

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Description

CXCL13 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single,non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 87 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 10.3 kDa. The BCA-1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

The BCA-1 protein was lyophilized from a concentrated (0.5mg/ml) solution containing 20mM PBS & 150mM NaCl pH-7.4.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Determined by its ability to chemoattract human B cells using a concentration range of 1-10ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 100,000-1,000,000IU/mg.

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Introduction
BCA-1 is a CXC chemokine that is highly expressed in thesecondary lymphoid organs, such as follicles of the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. CXCL13 promotes the migration of B lymphocytes (compared to T cells and macrophages), by stimulating calcium influx into, and chemotaxis of, cells expressing Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1). BCA1 therefore function in the homing of B lymphocytes to follicles. Human BCA-1 shares a 64% amino acid sequence similarity with the mouse protein and 23 - 34% amino acid sequence identity with other known CXC chemokines. Recombinant or chemically synthesized BCA1 is a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes, monocytes or neutrophils. BLR1, a G protein-coupled receptor originally isolated from Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, has now been shown to be the specific receptor for BCA1. Among cells of the hematopoietic lineages, the expression of BLR-1, now designated CXCR-5, is restricted to B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of T helper memory cells.
Synonyms
C-X-C motif chemokine 13, Small-inducible cytokine B13, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, CXC chemokine BLC, CXCL13, BCA1, BCA-1, CXCL-13, B cell Attracting Chemokine-1, BLC, ANGIE, BLR1L, SCYB13, ANGIE2.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized BCA1 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution BCA1 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized CXCL13 in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
VLEVYYTSLRCRCVQESSVFIPRRFIDRIQILPRGNG CPRKEIIVWKKNKSIVCVDPQAEWIQRMMEVLRKR SSSTLPVPVFKRKIP.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL13 HUMAN Protein?
CXCL13 HUMAN Protein has a total Mw of 10.3kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL13 HUMAN Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL13 HUMAN Protein?
CXCL13 HUMAN Protein is >97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL13 HUMAN Protein?
Determined by its ability to chemoattract human B cells using a concentration range of 1-10ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 100,000-1,000,000IU/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL13 HUMAN Protein?
VLEVYYTSLRCRCVQESSVFIPRRFIDRIQILPRGNG CPRKEIIVWKKNKSIVCVDPQAEWIQRMMEVLRKR SSSTLPVPVFKRKIP.

What applications can CXCL13 HUMAN Protein be used in?
CXCL13 HUMAN Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL13 HUMAN Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL13 HUMAN Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4 Human Recombinant

TNFRSF4, TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4, TAX Transcriptionally-Activated Glycoprotein 1 Receptor, OX40L Receptor, ACT35 Antigen, CD134 Antigen, TXGP1L, Tax-Transcriptionally Activated Glycoprotein 1 Receptor, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 4, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 4 , Lymphoid Activation Antigene ACT35, OX40 Cell Surface Antigen, OX40 Homologue , ATC35 Antigen, OX40 Antigen , ACT35, CD134, IMD16, OX40.

Product # :

CYT-1039

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Description

TNFRSF4 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 425 amino acids (29-214a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 46.9Da. (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 40-57kDa). TNFRSF4 is expressed with a 239 amino acid higG-His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Sf9, Baculovirus cells.

Formulation

TNFRSF4 protein solution (0.5mg/ml) contains Phosphate Buffered Saline (pH 7.4) and 10% glycerol.

Purity

Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA with mouse OX40 Ligand/TNFSF4 The ED50 range ≤ 0.15 ug/ml.

More Info

Introduction
TNFRSF4, also known as TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4, is a T cell co-stimulatory molecule which belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily. TNFRSF4 coordinates with other co-stimulatory substances such as CD28, CD40, CD30, CD27 and 4-1BB to control the activation of the immune response. TNFRSF4 takes a vital part in antigen-specific T cell expansion as well as survival. TNFRSF4 is up-regulated on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon engagement of the TCR by antigen presenting cells along with co-stimulation by CD40-CD40 Ligand and CD28-B7. In addition, TNFRSF4 regulates cytokine production from T cells, antigen presenting cells, natural killer cells and natural killer cells. TNFRSF4 regulates cytokine receptor signaling.
Synonyms
TNFRSF4, TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4, TAX Transcriptionally-Activated Glycoprotein 1 Receptor, OX40L Receptor, ACT35 Antigen, CD134 Antigen, TXGP1L, Tax-Transcriptionally Activated Glycoprotein 1 Receptor, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 4, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 4 , Lymphoid Activation Antigene ACT35, OX40 Cell Surface Antigen, OX40 Homologue , ATC35 Antigen, OX40 Antigen , ACT35, CD134, IMD16, OX40.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.
Stability
Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA). Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Amino Acid Sequence
LHCVGDTYPS NDRCCHECRP GNGMVSRCSR SQNTVCRPCG PGFYNDVVSS KPCKPCTWCN LRSGSERKQL CTATQDTVCR CRAGTQPLDS YKPGVDCAPC PPGHFSPGDN QACKPWTNCT LAGKHTLQPA SNSSDAICED RDPPATQPQE TQGPPARPIT VQPTEAWPRT SQGPSTRPVE VPGGRALEPK SCDKTHTCPP CPAPELLGGP SVFLFPPKPK DTLMISRTPE VTCVVVDVSH EDPEVKFNWY VDGVEVHNAK TKPREEQYNS TYRVVSVLTV LHQDWLNGKE YKCKVSNKAL PAPIEKTISK AKGQPREPQV YTLPPSRDEL TKNQVSLTCL VKGFYPSDIA VEWESNGQPE NNYKTTPPVL DSDGSFFLYS KLTVDKSRWQ QGNVFSCSVM HEALHNHYTQ KSLSLSPGKH HHHHH

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Alpha Mouse Recombinant (CXCL12)

SDF-1, CXCL12, Pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor, PBSF, hIRH, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, SDF1, SDF1A, TPAR1, SCYB12, SDF-1a, TLSF-a, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate repressed protein 1, Thymic lymphoma cell-stimulating factor, TLSF.

Product # :

CHM-324

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Description

Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 alpha Mouse Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 68 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8 kDa. The SDF-1a is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

The protein was Lyophilized from a sterile filtered aqueous solution containing 0.1% Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA).

Purity

Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

The specific activity as determined by its ability to chemoattract human peripheral blood monocytes at 50-100 ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 10,000-20,000IU/mg.

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Introduction
SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.
Synonyms
SDF-1, CXCL12, Pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor, PBSF, hIRH, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, SDF1, SDF1A, TPAR1, SCYB12, SDF-1a, TLSF-a, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate repressed protein 1, Thymic lymphoma cell-stimulating factor, TLSF.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized SDF-1a although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL12 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1a in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
The sequence of the first five N-terminal amino acids was determined and was found to be Lys-Pro-Val-Ser-Leu.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 Fc Chimera Human Recombinant

Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor FLT4, PCL, FLT41, FMS-LIKE TYROSINE KINASE 4, VEGFR-3.

Product # :

PKA-245

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Description

Soluble FLT4 Human Recombinant fused with the Fc part of human IgG1 produced in baculovirus is a monomeric, glycosylated, polypeptide containing 774 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 260 kDa. The soluble receptor protein contains only the first 7 extracellular domains, which contain all the information necessary for ligand binding.The FLT4 Fc Chimera is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Insect Cells.

Formulation

FLT4 Fc Chimera was lyophilized from a concentrated (1 mg/ml) sterile solution containing no additives.

Purity

Greater than 90.0% as determined by(a)Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b)Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Measured by its ability to bind recombinant rat VEGF-C in a functional solid phase binding assay. Immobilised recombinant human VEGFR-3/FLT-4 at 5 µg/ml can bind recombinant rat VEGF-C in a linear range of 8-500 ng/ml.

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Introduction
All three VEGF receptors belong to the class III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) characterised by the seven immunoglobulin-like loops in the extracellular domain. The expression of VEGFR-1 to -3 is almost exclusively restricted to hematopoietic precursor cells, vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells and to the monocyte/macrophage lineage. They play key roles in vasculogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. The FLT-4 cDNA encodes a 1298 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with a 23 aa residue signal peptide. Mature VEGFR-3/FLT-4 is composed of a 751 aa residue extracellular domain, a 22 aa transmembrane domain and a 482 aa residue cytoplasmic domain. Both VEGF family members VEGF-C and VEGF-D have been shown to bind and activate VEGFR-3/FLT-4. The Flt-4 gene is widely expressed in the early embryo but becomes restricted to the lymphatic endothelial a latter stages of development. It is important for lymphangiogenesis.
Synonyms
Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor FLT4, PCL, FLT41, FMS-LIKE TYROSINE KINASE 4, VEGFR-3.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized FLT4 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution FLT4 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized FLT4 Fc Chimera in sterile water not less than 100 µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Angiopoietin-like Protein 4 Human Recombinant, HEK

ANGPTL4, NL2, ARP4, FIAF, PGAR, HFARP, pp1158, ANGPTL2, Fasting- Induced Adipose Factor, Hepatic Fibrinogen/Angiopoietin-Related Protein, PPARG Angiopoietin-Related Protein.

Product # :

CYT-698

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Quantity :

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Description

The ANGPTL4 Human Recombinant is manufactured with C-terminal fusion of 11 amino acid FLAG Tag. The ANGPTL4 Flag -Tagged Fusion Protein is a 44.2kDa protein containing 392 amino acid residues of the Angiopoietin-like Protein 4 and 11 additional amino acid residues - Flag Tag (underlined).

Source

HEK293.

Formulation

Filtered and lyophilized from 0.5mg/ml in 20mM Tris buffer and 50mM NaCl pH-7.5.

Purity

Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

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Introduction
The fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF, ANGPTL4, PGAR, HFARP) was identified as an adipocytokine up-regulated by fasting, by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, and by hypoxia. At the protein level, in human and mouse blood plasma, FIAF was found to be present both as a native protein and in a truncated form. Differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes was associated with the production of truncated FIAF, whereas in human white adipose tissue and SGBS adipocytes, only the native FIAF could be detected. Interestingly, the truncated FIAF was produced by human liver.
Experimental data suggest that FIAF is mainly presented in human blood plasma in a truncated form (FIAF-S2), whose level is increased by fenofibrate treatment. Levels of both truncated and native FIAF showed marked inter individual variation but were not associated with body mass index and were not influenced by prolonged semistarvation.
Synonyms
ANGPTL4, NL2, ARP4, FIAF, PGAR, HFARP, pp1158, ANGPTL2, Fasting- Induced Adipose Factor, Hepatic Fibrinogen/Angiopoietin-Related Protein, PPARG Angiopoietin-Related Protein.
Physical Appearance
Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Store lyophilized Angiopoietin-like Protein 4 Human recombinant at -20°C. Aliquot the product after reconstitution to avoid repeated freezing/thawing cycles. Reconstituted protein can be stored at 4°C for a limited period of time; it does not show any change after two weeks at 4°C.
Solubility
Add pyrogen free water to a working concentration of 0.5mg/ml and let the lyophilized pellet dissolve completely. Product is not sterile! Please filter the product by an appropriate sterile filter before using it in the cell culture.
Amino Acid Sequence
GPVQSKSPRF ASWDEMNVLA HGLLQLGQGL REHAERTRSQ LSALERRLSA CGSACQGTEG STDLPLAPES RVDPEVLHSL QTQLKAQNSR IQQLFHKVAQ QQRHLEKQHL RIQHLQSQFG LLDHKHLDHE VAKPARRKRL PEMAQPVDPA HNVSRLHRLP RDCQELFQVG ERQSGLFEIQ PQGSPPFLVN CKMTSDGGWT VIQRRHDGSV DFNRPWEAYK AGFGDPHGEF WLGLEKVHSI TGDRNSRLAV QLRDWDGNAE LLQFSVHLGG EDTAYSLQLT APVAGQLGAT TVPPSGLSVP FSTWDQDHDL RRDKNCAKSL SGGWWFGTCS HSNLNGQYFR SIPQQRQKLK KGIFWKTWRG RYYPLQATTM LIQPMAAEAA SAAADYKDDDDK.
Applications
Western blotting.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of ANGPTL4 Protein?
ANGPTL4 Protein has a total Mw of 44.2kDa.

What is the source or expression system of ANGPTL4 Protein?
HEK293.

What is the Purity of ANGPTL4 Protein?
ANGPTL4 Protein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of ANGPTL4 Protein?
The biological functionality of ANGPTL4 Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of ANGPTL4 Protein?
GPVQSKSPRF ASWDEMNVLA HGLLQLGQGL REHAERTRSQ LSALERRLSA CGSACQGTEG STDLPLAPES RVDPEVLHSL QTQLKAQNSR IQQLFHKVAQ QQRHLEKQHL RIQHLQSQFG LLDHKHLDHE VAKPARRKRL PEMAQPVDPA HNVSRLHRLP RDCQELFQVG ERQSGLFEIQ PQGSPPFLVN CKMTSDGGWT VIQRRHDGSV DFNRPWEAYK AGFGDPHGEF WLGLEKVHSI TGDRNSRLAV QLRDWDGNAE LLQFSVHLGG EDTAYSLQLT APVAGQLGAT TVPPSGLSVP FSTWDQDHDL RRDKNCAKSL SGGWWFGTCS HSNLNGQYFR SIPQQRQKLK KGIFWKTWRG RYYPLQATTM LIQPMAAEAA SAAADYKDDDDK.

What applications can ANGPTL4 Protein be used in?
ANGPTL4 Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for ANGPTL4 Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, ANGPTL4 Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

CXCL16 Mouse Recombinant

C-X-C motif chemokine 16, Small-inducible cytokine B16, Transmembrane chemokine CXCL16, Scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low density lipoprotein, SR-PSOX, Cxcl16, Srpsox, Zmynd15, AV290116, BB024863, 0910001K24Rik.

Product # :

CHM-363

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Description

CXCL16 Mouse Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 88 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 9.9kDa. The CXCL16 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

The protein was lyophilized from a concentrated (1.0mg/ml) solution in 20mM PB, pH 7.4, 50mM NaCl.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Determined by its ability to chemoattract murine lymphocytes using a concentration range of 100-1000ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 1,000-10,000IU/mg.

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Introduction
Mouse CXCL16 is a nonELR motif including CXC chemokine with a transmembrane domain. Mouse CXCL16 cDNA encodes a 246 a.a. precursor protein with a putative 26 a.a. residue signal peptide, an 88 a.a. residue chemokine domain, an 87 a.a. residue mucinlike spacer region, a 22 a.a. residue transmembrane domain, and a 23 a.a. residue cytoplasmic tail.
CXCL16 induces a strong chemotactic response and calcium mobilization. Furthermore, CXCL16 acts as a scavenger receptor on macrophages, which specifically binds to OxLDL (oxidized low density lipoprotein), suggesting that it may be involved in pathophysiology such as atherogenesis.
Mouse CXCL16 is generated by dendritic cells in lymphoid organ T cell zones as well as by cells in the splenic red pulp both as membranebound and soluble forms. CXCR6/Bonzo (STRL33 and TYMSTR) is the receptor for CXCL16. CXCL16 is expressed in the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer patches. It is also expressed in non-lymphoid tissues such as lung, kidney, small intestine, and thymus, with weak expression in heart and liver and no expression in brain and purified B- and T-cells.
CXCL16 deficiency is linked to breast cancer progression. In addition, CXCL16 is involved in immunological liver injury by regulating T lymphocyte infiltration in liver tissue. Furtheremore, CXCL16 has a distinctive role in the maintenance of cardiac allograft tolerance mediated by natural killer T cells. Moreover, CXCL16 has a significant role in not only the production of IFN-gamma by NKT cells, but also promotion of Th1-inclined immune responses mediated by NKT cells.
Synonyms
C-X-C motif chemokine 16, Small-inducible cytokine B16, Transmembrane chemokine CXCL16, Scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low density lipoprotein, SR-PSOX, Cxcl16, Srpsox, Zmynd15, AV290116, BB024863, 0910001K24Rik.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized CXCL16 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL16 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized CXCL16 Mouse in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
NQGSVAGSCS CDRTISSGTQ IPQGTLDHIR KYLKAFHRCP FFIRFQLQSK SVCGGSQDQW VRELVDCFER KECGTGHGKS FHHQKHLP.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL16 MOUSE Protein?
CXCL16 MOUSE Protein has a total Mw of 9.9kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL16 MOUSE Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL16 MOUSE Protein?
CXCL16 MOUSE Protein is >97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL16 MOUSE Protein?
Determined by its ability to chemoattract murine lymphocytes using a concentration range of 100-1000ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 1,000-10,000IU/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL16 MOUSE Protein?
NQGSVAGSCS CDRTISSGTQ IPQGTLDHIR KYLKAFHRCP FFIRFQLQSK SVCGGSQDQW VRELVDCFER KECGTGHGKS FHHQKHLP.

What applications can CXCL16 MOUSE Protein be used in?
CXCL16 MOUSE Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL16 MOUSE Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL16 MOUSE Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Interleukin-8 (1-77 a.a.) Human Recombinant, (CXCL8) Pichia

IL-8, CXCL8, Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor, MDNCF, T-cell chemotactic factor, Neutrophil-activating protein 1, NAP-1, Protein 3-10C, Granulocyte chemotactic protein 1, GCP-1, Monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MONAP, Emoctakin, K60, NAF, LECT, LUCT, 3-10C, LYNAP, SCYB8, TSG-1, AMCF-I, b-ENAP.

Product # :

CHM-349

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Description

Interleukin-8 Human Recombinant produced in Yeast is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 79 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 9 kDa. The IL-8 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Pichia Pastoris.

Formulation

Lyophilized from a concentrated (1mg/ml) solution in water containing 20mM sodium phosphate buffer pH-8.

Purity

Greater than 98.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Chemotactic activity was reached at 25ng/ml on human neutrophils.

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Introduction
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells. It is also synthesized by endothelial cells, which store IL-8 in their storage vesicles, the Weibel-Palade bodies.
When first encountering an antigen, the primary cells to encounter it are the macrophages who phagocytose the particle. Upon processing, they release chemokines to signal other immune cells to come in to the site of inflammation. IL-8 is one such chemokine. It serves as a chemical signal that attracts neutrophils at the site of inflammation, and therefore is also known as Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor.
Synonyms
IL-8, CXCL8, Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor, MDNCF, T-cell chemotactic factor, Neutrophil-activating protein 1, NAP-1, Protein 3-10C, Granulocyte chemotactic protein 1, GCP-1, Monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MONAP, Emoctakin, K60, NAF, LECT, LUCT, 3-10C, LYNAP, SCYB8, TSG-1, AMCF-I, b-ENAP.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized Interleukin-8 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL8 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized Interleukin 8 in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein?
CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein has a total Mw of 9kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein?
Pichia Pastoris.

What is the Purity of CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein?
CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein is >98% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein?
Chemotactic activity was reached at 25ng/ml on human neutrophils.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein?
CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein is composed from 79 amino acids.

What applications can CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein be used in?
CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL8 HUMAN, PICHIA Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Interleukin-8 (1-77 a.a) Human Recombinant (CXCL8)

IL-8, CXCL8, Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor, MDNCF, T-cell chemotactic factor, Neutrophil-activating protein 1, NAP-1, Protein 3-10C, Granulocyte chemotactic protein 1, GCP-1, Monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MONAP, Emoctakin, K60, NAF, LECT, LUCT, 3-10C, LYNAP, SCYB8, TSG-1, AMCF-I, b-ENAP.

Product # :

CHM-327

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Description

Interleukin-8 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 77 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8904 Dalton. The IL-8 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

Lyophilized from a 0.2µm filtered concentrated (1mg/ml) solution in PBS, pH 7.4.

Purity

Greater than 95.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Determined by its ability to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils using a concentration range of 25-150 ng/ml.

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Introduction
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells. It is also synthesized by endothelial cells, which store IL-8 in their storage vesicles, the Weibel-Palade bodies. When first encountering an antigen, the primary cells to encounter it are the macrophages who phagocytose the particle. Upon processing, they release chemokines to signal other immune cells to come in to the site of inflammation. IL-8 is one such chemokine. It serves as a chemical signal that attracts neutrophils at the site of inflammation, and therefore is also known as Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor.
Synonyms
IL-8, CXCL8, Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor, MDNCF, T-cell chemotactic factor, Neutrophil-activating protein 1, NAP-1, Protein 3-10C, Granulocyte chemotactic protein 1, GCP-1, Monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide, MONAP, Emoctakin, K60, NAF, LECT, LUCT, 3-10C, LYNAP, SCYB8, TSG-1, AMCF-I, b-ENAP.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized Interleukin-8 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL8 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized Interleukin 8 in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
AVLPRSAKEL RCQCIKTYSK PFHPKFIKEL RVIESGPHCA NTEIIVKLSD GRELCLDPKE NWVQRVVEKF LKRAENS.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein?
CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein has a total Mw of 8.9kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein?
CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein is >95% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein?
Determined by its ability to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils using a concentration range of 25-150 ng/ml.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein?
AVLPRSAKEL RCQCIKTYSK PFHPKFIKEL RVIESGPHCA NTEIIVKLSD GRELCLDPKE NWVQRVVEKF LKRAENS.

What applications can CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein be used in?
CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL8 HUMAN (1-77) Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

GRO-Beta Mouse Recombinant (CXCL2)

Macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha, MIP2-alpha, CXCL2, Growth- regulated protein beta, Gro-beta, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, GRO2, GROb, MIP2, MIP2A, SCYB2, MGSA-b, MIP-2a, CINC-2a, MGSA beta.

Product # :

CHM-338

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Description

GRO-Beta Mouse Recombinant also caled mouse MIP-2 produced in E.Coli is a single,non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 73 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 7849 Dalton. The CXCL2 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

The protein was lyophilized from a concentrated (1.0mg/ml) solution in 20mM PB, pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

The Biological activity was determined by its ability to chemoattract total human neutrophils using a concentration range of 1.0-10.0 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 10⁵-10⁶units/mg.

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Introduction
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2). CXCL2 is 90% identical in amino acid sequence as a related chemokine, CXCL1. This chemokine is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. The gene for CXCL2 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines. CXCL2 mobilizes cells by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2.
Synonyms
Macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha, MIP2-alpha, CXCL2, Growth- regulated protein beta, Gro-beta, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, GRO2, GROb, MIP2, MIP2A, SCYB2, MGSA-b, MIP-2a, CINC-2a, MGSA beta.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized CXCL2 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL2 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized GRO-beta Mouse in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
AVVASELRCQ CLKTLPRVDF KNIQSLSVTP PGPHCAQTEV IATLKGGQKV CLDPEAPLVQ KIIQKILNKG KAN.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL2 MOUSE Protein?
CXCL2 MOUSE Protein has a total Mw of 7.84kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL2 MOUSE Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL2 MOUSE Protein?
CXCL2 MOUSE Protein is >97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL2 MOUSE Protein?
The Biological activity was determined by its ability to chemoattract total human neutrophils using a concentration range of 1.0-10.0 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 105-106units/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL2 MOUSE Protein?
AVVASELRCQ CLKTLPRVDF KNIQSLSVTP PGPHCAQTEV IATLKGGQKV CLDPEAPLVQ KIIQKILNKG KAN.

What applications can CXCL2 MOUSE Protein be used in?
CXCL2 MOUSE Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL2 MOUSE Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL2 MOUSE Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.
Protein content
Protein quantitation was carried out by two independent methods:1. UV spectroscopy at 280 nm using the absorbency value of 0.015 as the extinction coefficient for a 0.1% (1mg/ml) solution. This value is calculated by the PC GENE computer analysis program of protein sequences (IntelliGenetics). 2. Analysis by RP-HPLC, using a standard solution of GRO-b as a Reference Standard.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

OX40 Ligand Human Recombinant

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4, OX40 ligand, OX40L, OX-40L, CD252, Tnfsf4, Ox40l, Txgp1l, gp3, OX4, Ath-1, Ath1, CD134L, gp34, Tnlg2b, Txgp1l.

Product # :

CYT-1226

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Description

OX40L Human Recombinant is a single, glycosylated, polypeptide chain (51-183 a.a) containing a total of139 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 16.2 kDa. OX40L is fused to a 6 a.a his-Tag at C-terminus and is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

HEK293 Cells.

Formulation

The OX40L solution (1mg/ml) contains 10% Glycerol and Phosphate-Buffered Saline (pH 7.4).

Purity

Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA with Human OX40/TNFRSF4.

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Synonyms
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4, OX40 ligand, OX40L, OX-40L, CD252, Tnfsf4, Ox40l, Txgp1l, gp3, OX4, Ath-1, Ath1, CD134L, gp34, Tnlg2b, Txgp1l.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.
Stability
Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA). Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Amino Acid Sequence
QVSHRYPRIQ SIKVQFTEYK KEKGFILTSQ KEDEIMKVQN NSVIINCDGF YLISLKGYFS QEVNISLHYQ KDEEPLFQLK KVRSVNSLMV ASLTYKDKVY LNVTTDNTSL DDFHVNGGEL ILIHQNPGEF CVLHHHHHH.
Background
OX40 Ligand (OX40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses and orchestrating the delicate balance between activation and tolerance. The human recombinant form of OX40L has emerged as a potent tool in immunology, offering insights into its molecular intricacies and potential applications in therapeutic interventions. This research embarks on a journey to unravel the multifaceted role of OX40L Human Recombinant, shedding light on its structural attributes, signaling pathways, and its promising avenues in immunotherapy. By delving into the properties of OX40L, scientists aim to expand our understanding of immune modulation and open new frontiers in the treatment of immune-related disorders.
Structural Insights into OX40L Human Recombinant:
OX40L, as a trimeric transmembrane protein, exhibits a unique structural configuration that governs its interactions with the OX40 receptor on T cells. The human recombinant form, engineered for controlled study, provides a window into the three-dimensional intricacies of the ligand. Understanding its structure is pivotal for deciphering how OX40L engages with its receptor and modulates immune responses.
Immunomodulatory Signaling Pathways:
OX40L binding to its cognate receptor OX40 on T cells triggers intricate signaling cascades that impact immune cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. The OX40-OX40L axis is a crucial regulator of T cell function, influencing both effector and regulatory T cell responses. Unraveling the specific pathways activated by OX40L Human Recombinant provides valuable insights into the modulation of immune responses in health and disease.
Applications in Immunotherapy:
The immunomodulatory properties of OX40L make it an attractive candidate for therapeutic interventions. OX40L Human Recombinant, in preclinical and clinical studies, is being explored for its potential in enhancing antitumor immune responses. By harnessing the ligand's ability to stimulate effector T cells and memory T cell formation, researchers aim to develop novel immunotherapies for cancer and other immune-related disorders.
OX40L in Autoimmune Diseases:
Conversely, OX40L's role in autoimmune diseases has spurred investigations into its inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. Blocking the OX40-OX40L interaction has shown promise in mitigating autoimmune responses, presenting a potential avenue for the development of treatments for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
While the potential of OX40L Human Recombinant in immunotherapy is promising, challenges persist. Fine-tuning its applications, understanding potential side effects, and optimizing dosages are critical considerations for translational success. Additionally, comprehending the context-dependent nature of OX40L signaling is essential for tailoring therapeutic strategies to specific diseases and patient profiles.
OX40L Human Recombinant stands at the forefront of immunomodulation research, offering a lens through which we can unravel the complexities of immune responses. Its structural insights, signaling pathways, and therapeutic applications position it as a key player in the evolving landscape of immunotherapy. As researchers continue to dissect the molecular nuances of OX40L, they not only expand our understanding of immune regulation but also pave the way for transformative advancements in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, shaping the future of precision medicine and immunotherapy.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 beta Rat Recombinant (CXCL12)

SDF-1, CXCL12, Pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor, PBSF, hIRH, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, SDF1, SDF1B, TPAR1, SCYB12, SDF-1b, TLSF-b, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate repressed protein 1, Thymic lymphoma cell-stimulating factor, TLSF.

Product # :

CHM-248

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Description

SDF-1 beta Rat Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a non-glycosylated, Polypeptide chain containing 72 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8.4 kDa. The Rat SDF-1b is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

The Rat SDF1B protein was lyophilized from a concentrated (1mg/ml) sterile solution containing 20mM Phsophate buffer pH-7.4 and 0.15M NaCl.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

The specific activity as determined by its ability to chemoattract human peripheral blood monocytes at 100-150ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 6,667-10,000IU/mg.

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Introduction
SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.
Synonyms
SDF-1, CXCL12, Pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor, PBSF, hIRH, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, SDF1, SDF1B, TPAR1, SCYB12, SDF-1b, TLSF-b, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate repressed protein 1, Thymic lymphoma cell-stimulating factor, TLSF.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized SDF-1b although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL12 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized SDF-1b in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
KPVSLSYRCP CRFFESHVAR ANVKHLKILN TPNCALQIVA RLKSNNRQVC IDPKLKWIQE YLDKALNKRL KM.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

GRO-Alpha Rat Recombinant (CXCL1)

Growth-regulated protein alpha, CXCL1, Melanoma growth stimulatory activity, MGSA, Neutrophil-activating protein 3, NAP-3, GRO-alpha(1-73), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, GRO1, GROa, SCYB1, MGSA-a, MGSA alpha.

Product # :

CHM-375

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Description

CXCL1 Rat Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single,non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 73 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 7.8 kDa. The Rat CXCL1 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

Lyophilized from a 0.2μm filtered concentrated (1mg/ml) solution in 20mM PB, pH 7.4, and 150mM NaCl.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by:
(a) Analysis by RP-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Determined by its ability to chemoattract rat neutrophils using a concentration range of 10-100ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 10,000-100,000IU/mg.

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Introduction
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, Neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-α). It is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.
Synonyms
Growth-regulated protein alpha, CXCL1, Melanoma growth stimulatory activity, MGSA, Neutrophil-activating protein 3, NAP-3, GRO-alpha(1-73), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, GRO1, GROa, SCYB1, MGSA-a, MGSA alpha.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized CXCL1 although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution CXCL1 should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized CXCL1 in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
APVANELRCQ CLQTVAGIHF KNIQSLKVMP PGPHCTQTEV IATLKNGREA CLDPEAPMVQ KIVQKMLKGV PK.
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CXCL1 RAT Protein?
CXCL1 RAT Protein has a total Mw of 7.8kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CXCL1 RAT Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CXCL1 RAT Protein?
CXCL1 RAT Protein is >97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CXCL1 RAT Protein?
Determined by its ability to chemoattract rat neutrophils using a concentration range of 10-100ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 10,000-100,000IU/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CXCL1 RAT Protein?
APVANELRCQ CLQTVAGIHF KNIQSLKVMP PGPHCTQTEV IATLKNGREA CLDPEAPMVQ KIVQKMLKGV PK.

What applications can CXCL1 RAT Protein be used in?
CXCL1 RAT Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CXCL1 RAT Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CXCL1 RAT Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Fractalkine Rat Recombinant (CX3CL1)

Fractalkine, CX3CL1, Neurotactin, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Small inducible cytokine D1, NTN, NTT, CXC3, CXC3C, SCYD1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine.

Product # :

CHM-005

Price :

Quantity :

Shipping Method :

Shipped at Room temp

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description
source
formulation
purity
biological activity
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Description

Fractalkine Rat Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 76 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 8.7kDa.The Fractalkine is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Formulation

Lyophilized from a 0.2µm filtered concentrated solution in PBS, pH 7.4.

Purity

Greater than 97.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Biological Activity

Determined by its ability to chemoattract human monocytes using a concentration range of 5.0-10.0 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 100,000-200,000units/mg.

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Introduction
Fractalkine soluble form is chemotactic for t-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils. Fractalkine membrane-bound form promotes adhesion of those leukocytes to endothelial cells. Fractalkine regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium and binds to CX3CR1. Natural Human Fractalkine is produced as a long protein (373-amino acid) with an extended mucin-like stalk and a chemokine domain on top. The mucin-like stalk permits it to bind to the cell surface. Fractalkine gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22.
Synonyms
Fractalkine, CX3CL1, Neurotactin, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Small inducible cytokine D1, NTN, NTT, CXC3, CXC3C, SCYD1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
Stability
Lyophilized FractalkineRat although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution Fractalkine should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.
Solubility
It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized Fractalkine in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Amino Acid Sequence
QHLGMTKCNI TCHKMTSPIP VTLLIHYQLN QESCGKRAII LETRQHRHFC ADPKEKWVQD AMKHLDHQTA ALTRNG
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CX3CL1 RAT Protein?
CX3CL1 RAT Protein has a total Mw of 8.7kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CX3CL1 RAT Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CX3CL1 RAT Protein?
CX3CL1 RAT Protein is >97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CX3CL1 RAT Protein?
Determined by its ability to chemoattract human monocytes using a concentration range of 5.0-10.0 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 100,000-200,000units/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CX3CL1 RAT Protein?
QHLGMTKCNI TCHKMTSPIP VTLLIHYQLN QESCGKRAII LETRQHRHFC ADPKEKWVQD AMKHLDHQTA ALTRNG

What applications can CX3CL1 RAT Protein be used in?
CX3CL1 RAT Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CX3CL1 RAT Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CX3CL1 RAT Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Description:

Fractalkine (CX3CL1) Human Recombinant, Sf9

Fractalkine, CX3CL1, Neurotactin, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Small inducible cytokine D1, NTN, NTT, CXC3, CXC3C, SCYD1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine.

Product # :

CHM-042

Price :

Quantity :

Shipping Method :

Shipped with Ice Packs

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source
formulation
purity
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SDS-PAGE

Description

Fractalkine Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 323 amino acids (25-339aa) and having a molecular mass of 34.3kDa.Fractalkine is fused to a 8 amino acid His tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Source

Sf9, Baculovirus cells.

Formulation

The Fractalkine solution (1 mg/ml) contains 10% Glycerol and Phosphate Buffered Saline (pH 7.4).

Purity

Greater than 90.0% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

SDS-PAGE

More Info

Introduction
Fractalkine soluble form is chemotactic for t-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils. Fractalkine membrane-bound form promotes adhesion of those leukocytes to endothelial cells. Fractalkine regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium and binds to CX3CR1. Fractalkine gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22.
Synonyms
Fractalkine, CX3CL1, Neurotactin, CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine, Small inducible cytokine D1, NTN, NTT, CXC3, CXC3C, SCYD1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine.
Physical Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.
Stability
Store at 4°C if entire vial will be used within 2-4 weeks. Store, frozen at -20°C for longer periods of time. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Amino Acid Sequence
QHHGVTKCNI TCSKMTSKIP VALLIHYQQN QASCGKRAII LETRQHRLFC ADPKEQWVKD
AMQHLDRQAA ALTRNGGTFE KQIGEVKPRT TPAAGGMDES VVLEPEATGE SSSLEPTPSS
QEAQRALGTS PELPTGVTGS SGTRLPPTPK AQDGGPVGTE LFRVPPVSTA ATWQSSAPHQ
PGPSLWAEAK TSEAPSTQDP STQASTASSP APEENAPSEG QRVWGQGQSP RPENSLEREE
MGPVPAHTDA FQDWGPGSMA HVSVVPVSSE GTPSREPVAS GSWTPKAEEP IHATMDPQRL GVLITPVPDA QAATRLEHHH HHH
Background
What is the molecular weight/Mw of CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein?
CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein has a total Mw of 34.3kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein?
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.

What is the Purity of CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein?
CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein is >90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein?
The biological functionality of CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein?
QHHGVTKCNI TCSKMTSKIP VALLIHYQQN QASCGKRAII LETRQHRLFC ADPKEQWVKD
AMQHLDRQAA ALTRNGGTFE KQIGEVKPRT TPAAGGMDES VVLEPEATGE SSSLEPTPSS
QEAQRALGTS PELPTGVTGS SGTRLPPTPK AQDGGPVGTE LFRVPPVSTA ATWQSSAPHQ
PGPSLWAEAK TSEAPSTQDP STQASTASSP APEENAPSEG QRVWGQGQSP RPENSLEREE
MGPVPAHTDA FQDWGPGSMA HVSVVPVSSE GTPSREPVAS GSWTPKAEEP IHATMDPQRL GVLITPVPDA QAATRLEHHH HHH

What applications can CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein be used in?
CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CX3CL1 HUMAN, SF9 Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

ProSpec's products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

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