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What is the molecular weight/Mw of MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein?
MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein has a total Mw of 10.4kDa.

What is the source or expression system of MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein?
MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein is > 90% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein?
The biological functionality of MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein will be determined in the future.

What is the amino acid sequence of MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein?
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MGSMAPYGAD TPTACCFSYS RKIPRQFIVD YFETSSLCSQ PGVIFLTKRN RQICADSKET WVQEYITDLE LNA..

What applications can MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein be used in?
MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, MIP 1A MOUSE, HIS Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

Role in Muscle Contraction and Relaxation:

In muscle cells, calmodulin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of contraction and relaxation. It interacts with myosin light-chain kinase during muscle contraction, initiating the process of cross-bridge cycling. Conversely, during muscle relaxation, calmodulin activates the enzyme myosin light-chain phosphatase, leading to the dephosphorylation of myosin and muscle relaxation. This delicate balance is crucial for proper muscle function.

Neuronal Signalling and Synaptic Plasticity:

In neurons, calmodulin is essential for neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. It modulates the activity of proteins involved in vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Additionally, calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are critical for synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. The intricate interplay between calmodulin and neuronal proteins underpins the fundamental processes of learning and cognition.

Implications in Disease and Therapeutics:

Dysregulation of calmodulin has been implicated in various diseases, including cardiac arrhythmias and neurodegenerative disorders. Mutations in calmodulin genes can lead to aberrant calcium signalling and cellular dysfunction. Consequently, understanding these molecular mechanisms offers potential therapeutic targets. Researchers are exploring calmodulin inhibitors and modulators for conditions like cardiac arrhythmias, aiming to restore normal cellular function.

Conclusion:

Calmodulin, with its remarkable structural versatility and central role in cellular signalling, epitomizes the complexity of biological regulation. Its influence spans from the fundamental processes of muscle contraction to the intricacies of neuronal signalling. Unravelling the mysteries of calmodulin not only deepens our understanding of basic biological phenomena but also holds the promise of innovative therapeutic interventions. This research illuminates calmodulin's significance, emphasizing its position as a master regulator in the orchestra of cellular life.

Calmodulin, a small, ubiquitous calcium-binding protein, stands as a linchpin in cellular signalling cascades. Its ability to modulate diverse cellular processes by transducing calcium signals has made it a focal point of scientific inquiry. With its role extending from muscle contraction to neurotransmitter release and gene expression, calmodulin orchestrates intricate physiological responses. This research delves into the multifaceted world of calmodulin, exploring its structural characteristics, calcium-binding properties, and its pivotal involvement in various biological pathways.

Structural Marvel of Calmodulin:

Calmodulin boasts a unique dumbbell-shaped structure, composed of four EF-hand motifs that enable it to bind calcium ions. When calcium binds to calmodulin, it undergoes a conformational change, allowing it to interact with a myriad of target proteins. This structural adaptability is fundamental to its ability to regulate a wide array of cellular activities.

Calcium Signalling and Transduction:

Intracellular calcium serves as a ubiquitous second messenger, and calmodulin is the key mediator of calcium signalling. When calcium levels rise, calmodulin binds calcium ions, triggering its activation. This activated form of calmodulin modulates the activity of various proteins, including enzymes, ion channels, and transcription factors. By doing so, calmodulin influences processes such as muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and cell proliferation.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of CCL28 MOUSE Protein?
CCL28 MOUSE Protein has a total Mw of 12.6kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CCL28 MOUSE Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CCL28 MOUSE Protein?
CCL28 MOUSE Protein is > 97% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CCL28 MOUSE Protein?
Determined by its ability to chemoattract mouse lymphocytes using a concentration range of 1-10ng/ml corresponding to a Specific Activity of 100,000-1,000,000IU/mg.

What is the amino acid sequence of CCL28 MOUSE Protein?
SEAILPMASS CCTEVSHHVS GRLLERVSSC SIQRADGDCD LAAVILHVKR RRICISPHNR TLKQWMRASE VKKNGRENVC SGKKQPSRKD RKGHTTRKHR TRGTHRHEAS R.

What applications can CCL28 MOUSE Protein be used in?
CCL28 MOUSE Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CCL28 MOUSE Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CCL28 MOUSE Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of IFNG MOUSE Protein?
IFNG MOUSE Protein has a total Mw of 15.6kDa.

What is the source or expression system of IFNG MOUSE Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of IFNG MOUSE Protein?
IFNG MOUSE Protein is >95% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of IFNG MOUSE Protein?
The specific activity as determined in a viral resistance assay is < 0.1 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 10,000,000 IU/mg


What is the amino acid sequence of IFNG MOUSE Protein?
MHGTVIESLE SLNNYFNSSG IDVEEKSLFL DIWRNWQKDG DMKILQSQII SFYLRLFEVL KDNQAISNNI SVIESHLITT FFSNSKAKKD AFMSIAKFEV NNPQVQRQAF NELIRVVHQL LPESSLRKRK RSRC.

What applications can IFNG MOUSE Protein be used in?
IFNG MOUSE Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for IFNG MOUSE Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, IFNG MOUSE Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and cell survival. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, but can also be secreted by other immune cells, such as T cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. TNF-α is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including the defense against infections, the development of autoimmune diseases, and the progression of cancer.

TNF-α exerts its effects by binding to two distinct cell surface receptors, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Upon binding to its receptors, TNF-α activates multiple signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the apoptotic pathway. These signaling pathways regulate various cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

In the context of infections, TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens. It promotes the recruitment and activation of immune cells, enhances the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulates the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, facilitating the migration of immune cells to the site of infection. TNF-α also helps to induce fever, which is an important component of the body's immune response to infections.

However, excessive or prolonged production of TNF-α can contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. In these conditions, elevated levels of TNF-α promote the infiltration of immune cells into the affected tissues, leading to tissue damage and the perpetuation of inflammation. The central role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of these diseases has led to the development of anti-TNF-α therapies, which have revolutionized the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. These therapies include monoclonal antibodies, such as infliximab and adalimumab, and soluble TNF receptor fusion proteins, such as etanercept. Anti-TNF-α therapies have been shown to be effective in reducing inflammation, improving symptoms, and slowing disease progression in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

In the context of cancer, TNF-α has complex and context-dependent effects on tumor development and progression. On one hand, TNF-α can promote anti-tumor immunity by activating immune cells and stimulating the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, chronic inflammation driven by TNF-α can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, the role of TNF-α in cancer is still an area of active research, and the development of TNF-α-targeted therapies for cancer remains a challenge.

In conclusion, TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and cell survival. Its involvement in various physiological and pathological processes has made it an important target for the development of therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Anti-TNF-α therapies have revolutionized the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, but the complex role of TNF-α in cancer remains an area of ongoing research. Understanding the precise mechanisms by which TNF-α contributes to disease pathogenesis will be crucial for the development of more effective and targeted therapies.

What is the molecular weight/Mw of CLCF Protein?
CLCF Protein has a total Mw of 22kDa.

What is the source or expression system of CLCF Protein?
Escherichia Coli.

What is the Purity of CLCF Protein?
CLCF Protein is >95% pure as determined by SDS-PAGE.

What is the Biological Activity of CLCF Protein?
The ED50, as measured in a cell proliferation assay using human TF?1 cells transfected with human CNTF R?, is less than 15ng/ml.

What is the amino acid sequence of CLCF Protein?
MLNRTGDPGP GPSIQKTYDL TRYLEHQLRS LAGTYLNYLG PPFNEPDFNP PRLGAETLPR ATVDLEVWRS LNDKLRLTQN YEAYSHLLCY LRGLNRQAAT AELRRSLAHF CTSLQGLLGS IAGVMAALGY PLPQPLPGTE PTWTPGPAHS DFLQKMDDFW LLKELQTWLW RSAKDFNRLK KKMQPPAAAV TLHLGAHGF.

What applications can CLCF Protein be used in?
CLCF Protein can probably be used in western blot, ELISA and Lateral Flow.

What is the endotoxin level for CLCF Protein?
The endotoxin level is minimal, CLCF Protein was purified using conventional chromatography techniques.