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SH3 domain-binding glutamic acid-rich-like protein (SH3BGRL) belongs to the human SH3BGR family. SH3BGRL gene which is located to chromosome Xq13.3, encodes a small protein of 114 amino acids that is extensively expressed in various tissues including liver and blood. SH3BGRL protein contains a prolinerich sequence (PLPPQIF), which is comprsed of both the SH3 binding (PXXP)3 and the Homer EVH1 binding (PPXXF)4 motif.

O-Sialoglycoprotein Endopeptidase, also known as OSGEP is a member of the KAE1 / TsaD family. OSGEP is essential for the formation of threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t6A37) in tRNAs which read codons beginning with adenine. OSGEP take a direct catalytic part in the above reaction, however other proteins of the complex are required to fulfill this activity.

Syntaxin-11 (STX11) belongs to the t-SNARE family. Syntaxin-11 regulates protein transport between late endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. STX11 interacts with the SNARE proteins SNAP-23 and VAMP. STX11 gene mutations are linked with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Epiregulin is part of the EGF family. Epiregulin functions as a ligand of EGFR, as well as a ligand of most members of the ERBB (v-erb-b2 oncogene homolog) family of tyrosine-kinase receptors.Epiregulin is expressed mostly in the placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes and in specific carcinomas of the bladder, lung, kidney and colon. Epiregulin stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Epiregulin inhibits the growth of several tumor-derived epithelial cell lines. Human Epiregulin is initially synthesized as a glycosylated 19.0 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a 6.0 kDa mature secreted sequence.

SYT13 belongs to the great synaptotagmin protein family which contain 2 domains: cytoplasmic C terminus with two tandem C2 domains (C2A and C2B) and extracellular N-terminal transmembrane domain. Synaptotogmin family members have dissimilar biochemical properties and developmental profiles, and patterns of tissue distribution. Additionally, Synaptotogmins formulate homo- and heteromeric complexes with each other. Synaptotagmins operate as membrane traffickers in multicellular organisms.

GOLGA7 is part of the ERF4 family. This protein is involved in protein transport from Golgi to cell surface. The ZDHHC9-GOLGA7 complex is a palmitoyltransferase specific for HRAS and NRAS. GOLGA7 is palmitoylated on Cys-69 and Cys-72; that is required for Golgi localization and interaction with GOLGA3.

GroEL protein is the major heat shock protein of E.coli and belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family. GroEL protein prevents misfolding of proteins and promotes the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptiedes generated under stress condition.

Retinitis pigmentosa 9 (RP9) is assumed to be a target protein for the PIM1 kinase. The RP9 protein may have some roles in B-cell proliferation in association with PIM1. RP9 can be bound and phosphorylated by the protooncogene PIM1 product, a serine/threonine protein kinase. RP9 localizes in nuclear speckles containing the splicing factors, and has a part in pre-mRNA splicing. RP9 gene mutations result in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa-9.

Chromogranin-A Isoform 1 Preproprotein or CHGA is part of the neuroendocrine secretory proteins of the chromogranin/secretogranin family. CHGA is a precursor of numerus enzymes such as pancreastatin, catestatin, vasostatin-1,vasostatin-2, and parastatin. The protein acts as a negative regulator the neuroendocrine activity of autocrine or nearby cells (paracrine). CHGA causes further production of secretory granules that contains insulin in pancreatic islet beta cells.

Activin A Receptor Type 1 (ACVR1) is a member of TGF-beta serine/threonine kinase receptor family. ACVR1 forms a receptor complex contains2 type II and 2 type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate,bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. ACVR1 takes part in left-right pattern formation during embryogenesis and is also essential in the BMP pathway which is responsible for the development and repair of the skeletal system.ACVR1 is linked to Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva which isknown for the formation of heterotopic bone throughout the body.

Signal-Regulatory Protein Alpha, SIRPA belongs to the signal-regulatory-protein (SIRP) family, as well as theimmunoglobulin super family. The members of the SIRP family are receptor-type transmembrane glycoproteins which areinvolved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled signaling processes. SIRPA can bephosphorylated by tyrosine kinases. The phospho-tyrosine residues of this PTP have been shown to recruit SH2domain containing tyrosine phosphatases (PTP), and perform as substrates of PTPs. SIRPA take part insignal transduction mediated by a variety of growth factor receptors. CD47 has been shown to be a ligand for SIRPA.

FHIT is a member of the histidine triad gene family. FHIT gene encodes a diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P3-triphosphate hydrolase involved in purine metabolism. FHIT gene includes the common fragile site FRA3B on chromosome 3, where carcinogen-induced damage can lead to translocations and abnormal transcripts of this gene. The FHIT protein is a tumor suppressor with reduced or no expression in numerous types of cancer. FHIT may also act as a tumor suppressor in normal cells. Alterations and deletions of the FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad) gene are strongly linked to the genesis and establishment of human tumors of the lung, cervix, breast, colon, stomach, and pancreas. The expression of FHIT is more often lost in cancers of individuals with familial mutations causing deficiency in DNA repair genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2 and MSH2. In vitro FHIT functions as a hydrolase that cleaves diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A) to ADP and AMP. The FHIT -Ap3A enzyme-substrate complex seems to be the tumor suppressor signal. The restoration of FHIT expression in FHIT -deficient cancer cells leads to apoptosis, involving the intrinsic caspase pathway, in cancer-derived cells and in tumor xenografts.

Entry of HSV into the host cell involves interactions of several viral glycoproteins with cell surface receptors. The virus particle is covered by an envelope which, when bound to specific receptors on the cell surface, will fuse with the cell membrane and create an opening, or pore, through which the virus enters the host cell. The sequential stages of HSV entry are analagous to those of other viruses. At first, complementary receptors on the virus and cell surface bring the two membranes into proximity. In an intermediate state, the two membranes begin to merge, forming a hemifusion state. Finally, a stable entry pore is formed through which the viral envelope contents are introduced to the host cell.

Deslorelin is being studied in the treatment of cancer as a way to block sex hormones made by the ovaries or testicles. It belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs. It is used for the induction of ovulation in mares. Deslorelin binds to and activates pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Continuous, prolonged administration of goserelin in males results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and inhibition of pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production.

Beta-crystallin A4 (CRYBA4) is a member of the beta/gamma-crystallin family which are the dominant structural components of the vertebrate eye lens. Beta-crystallins construct aggregates of various sizes and are able to self-associate to form dimers or to form heterodimers with other beta-crystallins. The CRYBA4 gene being a beta acidic group member is part of a gene cluster with beta-B1, beta-B2, and beta-B3.

DHH is part of the Hedgehog family which encodes signaling molecules that are involved in regulating morphogenesis. DHH protein is a precursor that is autocatalytically cleaved, the N-terminal portion is soluble and contains the signalling activity while the C-terminal portion is involved in precursor processing. Additionally, the C-terminal product covalently attaches a cholesterol moiety to the N-terminal product, restricting the N-terminal product to the cell surface and preventing it from freely diffusing throughout the organism. Defects in DHH protein have been associated with partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) accompanied by minifascicular polyneuropathy. DHH plays a role both male gonadal differentiation and perineurial development.
DHH plays a role in intercellular signaling which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development. DHH functions as a spermatocyte survival factor in the testes & is essential for testes development.

DHH is part of the Hedgehog family which encodes signaling molecules that are involved in regulating morphogenesis. DHH protein is a precursor that is autocatalytically cleaved, the N-terminal portion is soluble and contains the signalling activity while the C-terminal portion is involved in precursor processing. Additionally, the C-terminal product covalently attaches a cholesterol moiety to the N-terminal product, restricting the N-terminal product to the cell surface and preventing it from freely diffusing throughout the organism. Defects in DHH protein have been associated with partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) accompanied by minifascicular polyneuropathy. DHH plays a role both male gonadal differentiation and perineurial development.
DHH plays a role in intercellular signaling which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development. DHH functions as a spermatocyte survival factor in the testes & is essential for testes development.

GPX7 is a member of the glutathione peroxidase family. Glutathione peroxidases (GPx) are a family of enzymes with peroxidase activity whose central biological role is to guard the organism from oxidative damage by reducing lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and to reduce free hydrogen peroxide to water.

Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) is a membrane receptor for both human hepatitis A virus (HHAV) and TIMD4. HAVCR1 is a type I trans-membrane structural glycoprotein located in the renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. HAVCR1 protein may be involved in the control of asthma and allergic diseases. The reference genome represents an allele which retains a MTTVP amino acid segment that presents defense against atopy in HHAV seropositive individuals.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. FSH and LH act synergistically in reproductionIn women, in the ovary FSH stimulates the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturation. As the follicle grows it releases inhibin, which shuts off the FSH production.
In men, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding proteinby the Sertoli cells of the testes and is critical for spermatogenesis.
In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells. In females, FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells. With the concomitant rise in inhibin B FSH levels then decline in the late follicular phase. This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. At the end of the luteal phase, there is a slight rise in FSH that seems to be of importance to start the next ovulatory cycle.
Like its partner, LH, FSH releas

Transferrin is the iron-transport protein of vertebrate serum and donates iron to cells through interaction with a specific membrane receptor, CD71. Transferrin appears to be indispensable for most cells growing in tissue culture.
It is referred to frequently as a growth factor because, in analogy to other growth factor-receptor interactions, proliferating cells express high numbers of transferrin receptors, and the binding of transferrin to their receptors is needed for cells to initiate and maintain their DNA synthesis. Apart from its role as an iron transport protein transferrin acts as a cytokine and has functions that may not be related to its iron-carrying capacity.
Human Transferrin is a crucial component for the cultivation of mammalian cells in-vitro. Human Transferrin is Critical for long-term cells growth in-vitro. Human Transferrin is used as detoxificant in media by binding contaminating metal ions. Human Transferrin is often used as a nutrient in fermentation media for recombinant protein and biopharmaceutical production. Additional common uses of Human Transferrin areMolecular weight, Affinity purification of anti-human transferrin antibodies and also as receptor mediated transfection of molecules such as DNA, into cells.