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SRGN is identified as a hematopoietic cell granule proteoglycan. Proteoglycans stored in the secretory granules of various hematopoietic cells also hold a protease-resistant peptide core, and is vital for neutralizing hydrolytic enzymes. SRGN is related to the macromolecular complex of granzymes and perforin that acts as a intermediary of granule-mediated apoptosis.

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. Alternative splicing of Glucokinase results in three tissue-specific forms of glucokinase, one found in pancreatic islet beta cells and two found in liver. The protein localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, HK4 is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. Mutations in this gene have been associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), maturity onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY2) and persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI).

SNRPF is a member of the snRNP Sm proteins family. There are at least seven isoforms, E, F, G, D1, D2, D3 and B/B. This type of common proteins have a crucial part in the biogenesis of the snRNPs. Moreover, they represent the major targets for the so-called anti-Sm auto-antibodies that are diagnostic for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SNRPF assist in the cytoplasmic construction of the UsnRNPs by binding to aconserved Sm site on UsnRNA and forming a stable snRNP core complex.

Pleiotrophin (Osteoblast-Specific Factor-1, OSF-1) contains 136 amino acid residues. The sequence is very rich in cationic amino acids (24% of the residues); lysine cluster sequences are found in the N-terminal and C-terminal ends of the structure.
The OSF-1 gene was shown by Northern blotting analysis to be expressed in mouse calvarial osteoblast-enriched cells and in mouse brain tissues, but not in thymus, spleen, kidney, liver, lung, testis or heart. Pleiotrophin has the ability to promote adhesion, migration, expansion, and differentiation of human osteoprogenitor cells. In addition to certain types of cancer, the embryonic growth and differentiation factor pleiotrophin is found also in adults in inflammatory diseases. In osteoarthritis, pleiotrophin is especially expressed in early stages, and its concentrations in the synovial fluid could serve as a marker for the progress of the disease. Pleitrophin might be involved in cartilage repair in osteoarthritis, in particular, in earlier stages.

Synaptobrevin 2 which is an 18 kDa integral membrane protein localized to the cytoplasmic surface of synaptic vesicle, consists of a proline-rich N-terminal region, a highly conserved hydrophilic domain, followed by a transmembrane anchor and a C-terminal. Synaptobrevin 2 is predominantly expressed in Langerhans islets and glomerular cells. The N-terminal domain of the protein (residues 1-89) forms a specific SNARE complex with the target membrane-associated t- or Q-SNAREs syntaxin 1 and SNAP-25.

Ganciclovir (GCV) is a pro-drug nucleoside analog that is activated by phosphorylation. It is useful in the study of gene therapy in cancer research.
Ganciclovir is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxy-guanosine. It is initially phosphorylated to a deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) analogue. This mechanism competitively inhibits the integration of dGTP by viral DNA polymerase, resulting in the termination of elongation of viral DNA. Upon expression of a viral suicide gene encoding thymidine kinase, the non-toxic pro-drug is converted to a phosphorylated active analog and is incorporated into the DNA of replicating eukaryotic cells, causing death of the malignant dividing cell. The cell cycle is irreversibly arrested at the G2-M checkpoint. Gap junction involvement in the ganciclovir bystander effect has been studied. Ganciclovir has been used to study loss of telomeres and to evaluate sensitivity of viruses to antiviral treatments.
Ganciclovir is used in molecular biology for selection against random recombination events when homologous recombination of a gene of interest is required.

RARRES2 is a secreted chemotactic protein that initiates chemotaxis through the ChemR23 G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane domain ligand. RARRES2 is upregulated by the synthetic retinoid tazarotene and found in many tissues. RARRES2 acts as an adipokine and is truncated on both termini from the proprotein. RARRES2 is structurally related to the cathelicidin precursors, cystatin C and kininogens. RARRES2 promotes calcium mobilization and chemotaxis of immature dendritic cells and macrophages. RARRES2 is secreted as a precursor of little biological activity, which requires proteolytic cleavage of its COOH-terminal domain to be exchangeed into a potent and highly specific agonist of ChemR23.

Sincalide corresponds to the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK) which acts on receptors within the gallbladder wall causing it to contract.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone originally isolated from porcine intestinal mucosa and described as a linear 33-amino acid peptide containing a sulfated tyrosine, which is essential for its biological activity. It has been found in mammals in both the digestive tract and the central nervous system. Among its multiple biological functions, this hormone stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion, gallbladder contraction, and intestine motility and may also act as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the central nervous system.

Progastricsin-C (PGC) is an aspartic proteinase which is synthesized in the gastric mucosa as inactive precursors. PGC is a part of the peptidase family A1 and contains a prosegment which is responsible for stabilizing the inactive form and preventing the entrance of the substrate to the active site. PGC is used as a biomarker for various gastric diseases including Helicobacter pylori related gastritis. PGC is also hydrolyzes various proteins.

Granzyme H also known as GZMH belongs to the peptidase S1 family. GZMH is an essential part for HBV eradication. The HBx protein, which is required for the replication of HBV, is cleaved at Met(79) by GZMH. Furthermore, GZMH inhibitor can abolish GZNH- as well as lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated HBx degradation and HBV clearance. A HBx-deficient HBV is resistant to GzmH- in addition to lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated viral clearance.

MECP2 is the key modificator of eukaryotic genomes and has a crucial part in mammalian development.
Human proteins MECP2, MBD1, MBD2, MBD3, and MBD4 form a family of nuclear proteins linked by the existence in each of a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD). Each one of these proteins, with the exception of MBD3, can bind specifically to methylated DNA. In addition, MECP2, MBD1 and MBD2 can inhibit transcription from methylated gene promoters. Unlike other MBD family members, MECP2 is X-linked and subject to X inactivation. MECP2 is expendable in stem cells, but is vital for embryonic development. MECP2 gene mutations are the cause of most cases of Rett syndrome, a progressive neurologic developmental disorder and one of the most common reasons of mental retardation in females.

FGFR1 oncogene partner (FGFR1OP) is a member of the FGFR1OP family. The FGFR1OP protein is an essentially hydrophilic protein proposed to be a leucine-rich protein family member. A t(6;8)(q27;p11) chromosomal translocation, fusing the FGFR1OP gene and the FGFR1 gene, is seen in cases of myeloproliferative disorder. The ensuing chimeric protein contains the N-terminal leucine-rich region of the FGFR1OP protein fused to the catalytic domain of FGFR1. The FGFR1OP gene is believed to play a significant role in normal proliferation and differentiation of the erythroid lineage.

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor is a growth factor and/or cytokine produced by the endothelium, macrophages and a number of other immune cells. GCSF stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and also to stimulate the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of neutrophil granulocyte progenator cells and mature neutrophils.

CRYGD is a member of the beta/gamma-crystallin family. Crystallins are the principal structural components of the vertebrate eye lens. The mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families. Gamma-crystallins are involved in cataract formation. Defects in the CRYGD gene are responsible for cataract autosomal dominant (ADC), cataract congenital non-nuclear polymorphic autosomal dominant (CCP), cataract congenital cerulean type 3 (CCA3) and cataract crystalline aculeiform (CACA).

DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 6 (DGCR6) shares homology with the Drosophila melanogaster gonadal protein, that participates in gonadal and germ cell development, and also with the gamma-1 subunit of human laminin. DGCR6 is involved in DiGeorge syndrome pathology and in schizophrenia.

DHH is part of the Hedgehog family which encodes signaling molecules that are involved in regulating morphogenesis. DHH protein is a precursor that is autocatalytically cleaved, the N-terminal portion is soluble and contains the signalling activity while the C-terminal portion is involved in precursor processing. Additionally, the C-terminal product covalently attaches a cholesterol moiety to the N-terminal product, restricting the N-terminal product to the cell surface and preventing it from freely diffusing throughout the organism. Defects in DHH protein have been associated with partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) accompanied by minifascicular polyneuropathy. DHH plays a role both male gonadal differentiation and perineurial development.
DHH plays a role in intercellular signaling which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development. DHH functions as a spermatocyte survival factor in the testes & is essential for testes development.

A natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) NKp46 has been shown to represent a novel NK cell-specific molecule involved in human NK cell activation. The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) are a recently characterized family of Ig-like activation receptors that appear to be major triggering receptors in tumor cell recognition. The three known NCRs include NKp46 and NKp30, which are expressed on circulating NKcells, and NKp44, which is expressed only on activating NK cells. NKp46 has been implicated in NK cell-mediated lysis of several autologous tumor cells, pathogen-infected cell lines and mononuclear phagocytes infected with an intracellular bacterium. The Lysis of tumor cells by NK-cells involves recognition by NKp46 of heparan sulfate moieties of membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Furthermore, NKp46 is a surface receptor involved in NK-cell cell death by apoptosis. NKp46 has two extracellular Ig-like domains followed by a ~40 residue stalk region, a type I transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular Ig-like domain of NKp46 (22-255aa) is purified by FPLC gel-filtration chromatography, after refolding of the isolated inclusion bodies in a redox buffer. In addition, engagement of the antigen with the monoclonal antibody stimulates intracellular calcium levels and the synthesis of cytokines. CD59 is an NKp46 coreceptor (by physical association) together they activate cytotoxicity of human NK-cells, their engagement results in tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3-zeta chains associated with NKp46. Reduced cell surface expression of NKp46 and other NK-cell receptors is linked to the impaired NK-cell cytolytic function in viremic HIV-1 infection.

Glycoprotein-9 (GP9) is a small membrane glycoprotein found on the surface of human platelets. GP9 forms a one to one noncovalent complex with glycoprotein Ib, a platelet surface membrane glycoprotein complex which functions as a receptor for von Willebrand factor. The complete receptor complex includes noncovalent association of the alpha and beta subunits with the protein and platelet glycoprotein V. GP9 gene defects cause the Bernard-Soulier syndrome, aka giant platelet disease whose patients have unusually large platelets and have a clinical bleeding tendency.

LRP2 Binding Protein (LRP2BP) is a protein coding gene which plays a role as an adapter that controls LRP2 function. LRP2BP is noticed in a vesicular staining pattern close to the plasma membrane and through the cytoplasm.

QDPR belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase (SDR) family of enzymes. Operating as a homodimer, QDPR has an imperative role in the recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a vital cofactor for the hydroxylation of the aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine). More precisely, QDPR catalyzes the regeneration of BH4 from quinonoid dihydrobiopterin (qBH2), the product generated from the hydroxylation reactions. Mutations in the QDPR gene may lead to phenylketonuria II.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

PDGFRa is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for PDGF family members. PDGFRa binds to both A and B subunits of PDGF. It is known that PDGFRa is vital for kidney development since mice heterozygous for the receptor display defective kidney phenotypes.

Heparanase is an endo β-D-glucuronidase, which degrades heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the extracellular matrix. Heparanase plays an important role in ECM degradation, facilitating the migration and extravasation of tumor cells and inflammatory leukocytes (1,2,3). Upon degradation, heparanase releases growth factors and cytokines that stimulate cell proliferation and chemotaxis (4,5). Heparanase is a heterodimer comprised of a 50 kDa subunit harboring the active site and a 8 kDa subunit. It is produced as a latent 65 kDa precursor and proteolytically processed to its active form (1,6). Heparanase is highly expressed in myeloid leukocytes (i.e. neutrophils) in platelets and in human placenta. Human heparanase was found to be upregulated in various types of primary tumors, correlating in some cases with increased tumor invasiveness and vascularity and with poor prospective survival (7,8).