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Exenatide Derived from the saliva of the gila monster, is a 39 amino acid peptide that mimics the GLP-1 incretin, an insulin secretagogue with glucoregulatory effects. Typical responses to exenatide include improvements in the initial rapid release of endogenous insulin, suppression of glucagon release by the pancreas, regulation of gastric empyting, and reduced appetite - all of which function to lower blood glucose. Exenatide is self-regulating in that it lowers blood sugar when levels are elevated but does not continue to lower blood sugar when levels return to normal, unlike with sulfonylureas or insulins.

Amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) is a member of the groucho/TLE family of proteins. AES can function as a homooligomer or as a heteroologimer with other family members in order to forcefully repress the expression of other family member genes. Furthermore, AES can repress NFkB-regulated gene expression and is believed to have a significant role in initiating and maintaining cell differentiation events. AES is similar in sequence to the amino terminus of Drosophila enhancer of split groucho, a protein which is involved in neurogenesis during embryonic development. The AES protein is expressed predominately in the fetal brain, liver, lung, heart and kidney and also in the adult muscle.

Stem cell factor / KIT ligand (SCF) is a cytokine which binds CD117(c-Kit). SCF is also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand". SCF exists in two forms, cell surface bound SCF and soluble (or free) SCF. Soluble SCF is produced by the cleavage of surface bound SCF by metalloproteases. SCF is a growth factor important for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and other hematopoietic progenitor cells. One of its roles is to change the BFU-E (burst-forming unit-erythroid) cells, which are the earliest erythrocyte precursors in the erythrocytic series, into the CFU-E (colony-forming unit-erythroid).

The mammaglobin gene was first identified using a differential screening approach directed at the isolation of novel, human breast cancer-associated genes. Mammaglobin encodes a 10 kDa glycoprotein and is distantly relaetd to a family of epithelial secretory proteins that includes rat estramustine-binding protein/prostatein and human Clara cell 10 kDa protein (CC10)/uteroglobin. Mammaglobin, a mammary-specific member of the uterglobin family, is known to be overexpressed in human breast cancer. Studies suggest that mammaglobin is one of the first relatively mammary-specific and mammary-sensitive markers (85%). Mammaglobin may be valuable used in a panel with BRST-2 (GCDFP-15) and ER in evaluating tumors of unknown primary sites.
SCGB2A2 (the mammaglobin gene) is located on chromosome 11, at locus 11q13. SCGB2A2 is member of the secretoglobin superfamily of which is a group of small dimeric secreted and sometimes glycosylated proteins. Expressed mainly in mucosa, secretoglobins appear to be involved in cell signalling, immune response, chemotaxis, and might also serve as transporters for steroid hormones in humans.

Branched Chain Amino-Acid Transaminase 2 (BCAT2) is a member of the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. BCAT2 is a branched chain aminotransferase found in mitochondria. BCAT2 forms a dimer which catalyzes the first step in the production of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. In addition, BCAT2 may actn as a transporter of branched chain alpha-keto acids.

Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 6 or ENTPD6 is an enzyme, akin to E-type nucleotidases. E-type nucleotidases, for instance CD39, are responsible for extracellular nucleotides catabolism. ENTPD6 has four apyrase-conserved areas like all to E-type nucleotidases. Rather spliced transcript agents that codes various isoforms were discovered for the DNA segment.

C1QTNF7 is a collagen type-IV specific for basement membranes.

Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A (FCGR3A) is a receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G, and is involved in the elimination of antigen-antibody complexes from the circulation, as well as other antibody-dependent responses. FCGR3A needs to associate with the gamma subunit of Fc epsilon. The FCGR3A receptor is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells as an integral membrane glycoprotein anchored through a transmembrane peptide, while FCGR3B is expressed on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) where the receptor is anchored through a phosphatidylinositol (PI) linkage. In addition, FCGR3A is expressed on macrophages, subpopulation of T-cells, immature thymocytes and placental trophoblasts. FCGR3A mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and other antibody-dependent responses, such as phagocytosis. FCGR3A gene mutations are linked with susceptibility to recurrent viral infections, susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus, and alloimmune neonatal neutropenia.

CAMK4 is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family, and of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. CAMK4 is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with restricted tissue distribution which is associated to transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes, neurons and male germ cells.

CD3D, also known as Delta Polypeptide (TiT3 Complex), is a single-pass type 1 membrane protein. CD3D jointly with CD3-zeta, CD3-gamma, CD3-epsilon and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, creates the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. Once antigen presenting cells (APCs) activate T-cell receptor (TCR), TCR-mediated signals are transferred through the cell membrane by the CD3 chains CD3D, CD3E, CD3G and CD3Z. Likewise, CD3D takes an important part in adaptive immune response and participates in thymocyte differentiation.

CD3-epsilonpolypeptide (CD3E) along with CD3-gamma, -delta and -zeta, and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, creates the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. This complex has an imperative role in coupling antigen recognition to a number of intracellular signal-transduction pathways. The genes encoding the epsilon, gamma delta polypeptides are found in the same cluster on chromosome 11. The epsilon polypeptide plays a vital role in T-cell development. CD3E gene defects cause immunodeficiency. CD3E is also linked to a susceptibility to type I diabetes in women.

MAGEA5 belongs to the MAGEA gene family which encodes proteins with 50 to 80% sequence identity to each other. The promoters and first exons of the MAGEA genes are variable, which signify that the presence of this gene family enables the same role to be expressed under diverse transcriptional controls. The MAGEA genes are clustered at chromosomal location Xq28. They are associated with several hereditary disorders, like dyskeratosis congenita. MAGEA5 gene encodes a protein which is C-terminally truncated compared to other family members, and can be alternatively interpreted to be a pseudogene.

PYCR1 is a universal housekeeping enzyme which catalyzes the NAD(P)H-dependent conversion of pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline. PYCR1 enzyme also takes a physiologic part in the generation of NADP(+) in certain cell types. PYCR1 forms a homopolymer and localizes to the mitochondrion. Mutations in PYCR1 are the source of cutis laxa autosomal recessive type 2B (ARCL2B).

COPZ1 is a member of the adaptor complexes small subunit family. Coatomer is an oligomeric complex which contains as a minimum the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits. The zeta subunit has a part in regulating the coat assembly and, therefore, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). It is found at the site of tooth eruption and bone degradation. In the bone, CCL2 is expressed by mature osteoclasts and osteoblasts and is under the control of nuclear factor ?B (NF?B). CCL2 recruits immune cells, such as monocytes, to sites of tissue injury and infection. This chemokine is produced as a protein precursor containing signal peptide of 23 amino acids and a mature peptide of 76 amino acids. It is a monomeric polypeptide, with a molecular weight of approximately 13kDa. As with many other CC chemokines, CCL2 is located on chromosome 17 in humans. The cell surface receptors that bind CCL2 are CCR2 and CCR5.

Thrombopoietin or TPO or MGDF, is a protein (glycoprotein hormone) that can be found in the liver and kidney tissues. TPO regulates the creation of platelets. The protein enhances the production & differentiation of cells such as megakaryocytes that are part of the bone marrow cells that secretes a wide number of platelets. The cellular development process that ends up in the production of platelet calls (Megakaryocytopoiesis). Humoral growth factor is needed for the megakaryocyte proliferation & maturation of megakaryocyte, not apart from thrombopoiesis.

The recombinant Protein A/G is a genetically engineered protein comprised of 7 IgG-binding domains EDABC-C1C3, corresponding to the Protein A and G domains which are included in the recombinant sequence. The Protein A part is from Staphylococcus aureus segments E, D, A, B and C. The Protein G part is from Streptococcus segments C1 and C3. The recombinant Protein A/G has a broader binding capacity than either Protein A or Protein G alone. The recombinant Protein A/G is ideal for purification of monoclonal or polyclonal IgG antibodies. Protein A/G binds to various human, mouse and rat IgG subclasses such as the human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4; mouse IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and rat IgG2a, IgG2c. In addition, Protein A/G binds to total IgG from cow, goat, sheep, horse, rabbit, guinea pig, pig, dog and cat.

C-JUN is a gene which, in combination with c-Fos, forms the AP-1early response transcription factor. C-JUN is activated by the JNKpathway. C-JUN is the putative transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus 17. C-JUN is a protein which is highly similar to the viral protein, and which interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression. The C-JUN gene is intronless and is mapped to 1p32-p31, a chromosomal region involved in both translocations and deletions in human malignancies.

Cystatin-SN (CST1) belongs to the type 2 salivary cystatin family found in a variety of fluids and secretions, including plasma, tears, and saliva. The cystatin superfamily includes proteins which contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, whereas others have lost or possibly never developed this inhibitory activity. CST1 is up-regulated in cancerous lesions of gastric cancer tissues compared to noncancerous regions, in addition clinicopathological analysis revealed a significant correlation between high expression of CST1.

CST9 belongs to the CRES (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) subfamily. The CRES (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) protein outlines a new subgroup in the family 2 cystatins of the cystatin superfamily. A few members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, however others have lost or possibly never developed this inhibitory activity. CST9 takes part in hematopoietic differentiation or inflammation and is expressed in heart, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas. CST9 is upregulated by LPS in several cancer cell lines, such as promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and myelomonocytic leukemia.

Cathepsin F ( CTSF) is a member of the peptidase C1 family. Cathepsins are papain familycysteine proteinases which are a main component of the lysosomal proteolytic system. The CTSF gene isubiquitously expressed, and it maps to chromosome 11q13, close to the gene encoding cathepsin W. CTSF plays a role in normal protein catabolism. CTSF involved in some degradative processes occurring in tumor progression since it is highly expressed in some cancer cell lines.

Cathepsin S (CTSS) belongs to the peptidase C1 family. CTSS is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase that participates in the degradation of antigenic proteins to peptides for presentation on MHC class II molecules. CTSS functions as an elastase over a broad pH range in alveolar macrophages.

Mouse CXCL16 is a nonELR motif including CXC chemokine with a transmembrane domain. Mouse CXCL16 cDNA encodes a 246 a.a. precursor protein with a putative 26 a.a. residue signal peptide, an 88 a.a. residue chemokine domain, an 87 a.a. residue mucinlike spacer region, a 22 a.a. residue transmembrane domain, and a 23 a.a. residue cytoplasmic tail.
CXCL16 induces a strong chemotactic response and calcium mobilization. Furthermore, CXCL16 acts as a scavenger receptor on macrophages, which specifically binds to OxLDL (oxidized low density lipoprotein), suggesting that it may be involved in pathophysiology such as atherogenesis.
Mouse CXCL16 is generated by dendritic cells in lymphoid organ T cell zones as well as by cells in the splenic red pulp both as membranebound and soluble forms. CXCR6/Bonzo (STRL33 and TYMSTR) is the receptor for CXCL16. CXCL16 is expressed in the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer patches. It is also expressed in non-lymphoid tissues such as lung, kidney, small intestine, and thymus, with weak expression in heart and liver and no expression in brain and purified B- and T-cells.
CXCL16 deficiency is linked to breast cancer progression. In addition, CXCL16 is involved in immunological liver injury by regulating T lymphocyte infiltration in liver tissue. Furtheremore, CXCL16 has a distinctive role in the maintenance of cardiac allograft tolerance mediated by natural killer T cells. Moreover, CXCL16 has a significant role in not only the production of IFN-gamma by NKT cells, but also promotion of Th1-inclined immune responses mediated by NKT cells.