Search results

UCK1 is a uridine-cytidine kinase which catalyzes the phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine to uridine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate. UCK1 does not phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides or purine ribonucleosides. UCK1 is also phosphorylates uridine and cytidine analogs and uses ATP and GTP as a phosphate donor.

Rhodanese is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that is encoded by the nucleus. Rhodanese is involved in cyanide detoxification, the formation of iron-sulfur proteins, and the modification of sulfur-containing enzymes. Rhodanese catalyzes the chemical reaction of thiosulfate & cyanide to sulfite & thiocyanate (detoxification). Rhodanese is part of the transferase family of proteins. Rhodanese includes two highly conservative domains, identified as rhodanese homology domains. In mammals, the majority of cyanide is converted to thiocyanate. Rhodanese has weak mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activity.

Aspartoacylas or ASPA, is a protein, found in several tissues such as skeletal muscle, cerebral white matter, kidney, liver & lungs. ASPA is a homodimer that catalyses the deacetylation of Nacetylaspartic acid. In order to create L-aspartate & acetate.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme(EC1.1.1.27) present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.
A tetrameric enzyme that catalyses the interconversion of pyruvateand lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. At high concentrations of pyruvate, the enzyme exhibits feedback inhibition and the rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate is decreased. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase 2 (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination among alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 expressed mainly in muscle, fat and kidney and participates in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids.

GUK1 is part of the guanylate kinase family. GUK1 occurs as a monomer that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of GMP to GDP, thus takes an important part in the recycling of GMP. Through its catalytic activity, GUK1 functions in regulation of the supply of guanine nucleotides to signal transduction pathways. GUK1 overexpression is related with pituitary adenocarcinomas, implicating that GUK1 is has a role in tumorigenesis.

AMPD2 is significant in purine metabolism by converting AMP to IMP. AMPD2 which functions as a homotetramer, is one of the three AMP deaminases shown in mammals. More than a few transcript variants encoding differentisoforms have been discovered for AMPD2.

Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2 cytoplasmic (PAFAH2) has a marked selectivity for phospholipids with short acyl chains at the sn-2 position. PAFAH2 may share a mutual physiologic function with the plasma-type enzyme.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3gamma, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was thought to be brain and neuron-specific. It has been shown to interact with RAF1 and protein kinase C, proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways.

HPGD is the essential enzyme of prostaglandin degradation. 15-PGDH protein strongly decreases the biologic activity of these molecules by catalyzing the oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl group of prostaglandins to a keto group. GDH1 is involved in numerous physiologic and cellular processes, for instance inflammation.

NUDT1 is an enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates, such as 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-dATP, 2-hydroxy-dATP, and 2-hydroxy rATP, to monophosphates, thereby preventing misincorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP into DNA thus preventing A:T to C:G transversions. NUDT1 is found mostly in the cytoplasm, with some in the mitochondria, suggesting that it is involved in the sanitization of nucleotide pools both for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Moreover, NUDT1 is expressed at much higher levels in proliferating cells than in resting cells. Misincorporation of oxidized nucleoside triphosphates into DNA/RNA during replication and transcription can cause mutations which may result in carcinogenesis or neurodegeneration.

Obg-like ATPase 1 (OLA1) acts as a negative regulator of the cellular antioxidant response independent of transcriptional processes. OLA1 curbs the antioxidant response via nontranscriptional mechanisms. OLA1 hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. OLA1 is clearly down-regulated by DNA damage-inducing agents. OLA1 is expressed in all tissues; however it is more abundant in the testis, liver, lung, and brain. OLA1 is overexpressed in a number of malignancies, including cancers of the colon, rectum, ovary, lung, stomach, and uterus.

TIGAR is a p53-inducible enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose-2-6 bisphosphate (F-2-6-BP) to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. F-2-6-BP is an influential activator of 6-phosphofructose-1 kinase (the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis). By lowering the intracellular level of F-2-6-BP, TIGAR expression leads to increased glucose processing through the pentose phosphate pathway, the main cellular source for NADPH.

G6PD is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of NADPH. G6PD converts glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphoglucono-?-lactone and at the same time produces NADPH. The NADPH maintains the level of glutathione in these cells that helps protect the red blood cells against oxidative damage. G6PD deficiency causes acute hemolytic anemia, neonatal jaundice or acute hemolysis. G6PD is a cytosolic enzyme encoded by an X-linked gene whose main function is to produce NADPH, a crucial electron donor in the defense against oxidizing agents and in reductive biosynthetic reactions. G6PD produces pentose sugars for nucleic acid synthesis and is a main producer of NADPH reducing power.

Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1 (TPK1) is a homodimer which catalyzes the phosphorylation of thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate. TPK1 is found in the heart, kidney, testis, small intestine and peripheral blood leukocytes, and at very low levels in a variety of tissues. TPK1 gene defects cause the thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome type 5, episodic encephalopathy type (THMD5), which is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to an inborn error of thiamine metabolism.

LCAT is an extracellular cholesterol esterifying enzyme, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. The esterification of cholesterol is required for cholesterol transport. LCAT is a essential enzyme in the extracellular metabolism of plasma lipoproteins.

Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase (CPOX) which is localized to the internal membrane space of erythrocytes takes part in the 6th phase of heme biosynthesis. CPOX catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of propionic acid side chains of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen III. Mutations in human CPOX gene forecast the clinical result of the disease, with either hepatic hereditary coproporphyria or hematological manifestations of erythropoietic harderoporphyria.

Osteopontin is a glycoprotein that was first identified in osteoblasts and is involved in bone remodeling, immune functions in fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes during inflammation and wound healing. SPP1 binds tightly to hydroxyapatite. SPP1 forms an integral part of the mineralized matrix. SPP1 is vital to cell-matrix interaction. Secreted Phosphoprotein-1 protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via late preconditioning. Expression of both Ostepontin and CD44 in hepatocellular carcinoma is linked with advanced tumor stage and contributes to prognosis information. SPP1 is the most over-expressed gene in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Secreted Phosphoprotein-1 overexpression is related with interstitial lung diseases.

DESI1 belongs to the DeSI family and contains 1 PPPDE peptidase domain. This protein is a protease which deconjugates SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 from some substrate proteins and has isopeptidase but not SUMO-processing activity. DESI1 desumoylates ZBTB46.

Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) is a phosphotransferase (a kinase): 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase. TK1 is present in 2 forms in mammalian cells, TK1 and TK2. Thymidine kinases hold a main function in the synthesis of DNA and thus in cell division, as they are part of the distinctive reaction chain to introduce deoxythymidine (present in the body fluids as a result of degradation of DNA from food and from dead cells) into the DNA. Thymidine kinase is necessary for the action of many antiviral drugs. Thymidine kinase is used to select hybridoma cell lines in production of monoclonal antibodies.

Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase (phrB) is a member of the DNA photolyase class-1 family. phrB takes part in repair of UV radiation-inducedDNA damage. phrB catalyzes the light-dependent monomerization (300-600 nm) of cyclobutyl pyrimidinedimers (in cis-syn configuration), which are formed between closest bases on the same DNA strand uponexposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) also known as matrilysin and PUMP (EC 3.4.24.23) cleaves a number of substrates including collagen types IV and X, elastin, fibronectin, gelatin, laminin and proteoglycans. MMP-7 is closely related to the stromelysin family members but is encoded by a different gene. MMP-7 is the smallest of all the MMPs consisting of a pro-peptide domain and a catalytic domain. It lacks the hemopexin-like domain common to other members of the MMPs. MMP-7 is secreted as a 28 kDa proenzyme and can be activated in vitro by organomercurials and trypsin and in vivo by MMP-3 to a 18 kDa active MMP-7 enzyme. Once activated, MMP-7 can activate pro-MMP-1 and pro-MMP-9 but not pro-MMP-2. MMP-7 is widely expressed having been reported in elevated levels in cycling endometrium as well as in colorectal cancers and adenomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, rectal carcinomas, and approximately 50% of gliomas.

The enzyme horseradish peroxidase, found in horseradish, is used extensively in molecular biologyand in antibody amplification and detection, among other things. For example, "In recent years the technique of marking neurons with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has become a major tool. In its brief history, this method has probably been used by more neurobiologists than have used the Golgi stainsince its discovery in 1870." Horseradish peroxidase is also highly used in techniques such as Western blottingand ELISAs.
HRP is widely used as an enzymatic label in immunoassays. Usually, the enzyme is coupled to antibodies, lectins or haptens. Coupling to antibodies etc. may be performed through the carbohydrate side chains of the HRP.

Aspartoacylase is a homodimer which catalyzes the deacetylation of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) (a protein whose hydrolysis is crucial to maintenance of intact white matter) to generate acetate and L-aspartate. Aspartoacylase (ASPA) is expressed in the liver, lung and kidney tissue, as well as in the skeletal muscle and in cerebral white matter. NAA is ample in the brain where hydrolysis by aspartoacylase is believed to aid maintain white matter. In other tissues ASPA functions as a scavenger of NAA from body fluids. ASPA gene mutations cause Canavan disease (CAND or spongy degeneration of the brain).