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PTB domain-containing engulfment adapter protein 1 (GULP1) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptor protein essential for efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Furthermore, GULP1 helps modulate cellular glycosphingolipid and cholesterol transport. In addition, GULP1 may have a role in the internalization and endosomal trafficking of various LRP1 ligands, such as PSAP. Increased cytoplasmic levels of GULP1 are linked with increases in cellular levels of GTP-bound ARF6.

Coactosin-like protein (COTL1) is one of the numerous actin-binding proteins which regulate the actin cytoskeleton. COTL1 binds F-actin, it also interacts with 5-lipoxygenase, which is the first committed enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis. COTL1 binds to F-actin in a calcium-independent way and has no direct effect on actin depolymerization.

Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. it increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. it accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.

Tubulin folding cofactor C (TBCC) is a member of the TBCC family. TBCC has a role in the control of centrosome and Golgi apparatus positioning, with effects on cell shape and cell migration. Cofactor C is 1 of 4 proteins (cofactors A,D,E and C) engaged in the pathway leading to properly folded b-tubulin from folding intermediates. Cofactor E attaches to the cofactor D/beta-tubulin complex; their interaction with cofactor C subsequently causes the release of beta-tubulin polypeptides which are bound to the native state.

TFAM is a mitochondrial transcription factor which is a main activator of mitochondrial transcription and is also a participant in mitochondrial genome replication. TFAM is situated primarily in the nuclei of elongated spermatids and takes part in the regulation of gene expression of the haploid male genome. TFAM is linked to mitochondrial disorder in humans characterized by ocular myopathy, exercise intolerance and muscle wasting.

Ribosomal Protein L35, also known as RPL35 is a ribosomal protein which is a component of the 60S subunit. Ribosomes are the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis, they consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Jointly these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and about 80 structurally different proteins. RPL35 is a member of the L29P family of ribosomal proteins. RPL35 is located in the cytoplasm. As typicaly for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of RPL35 dispersed through the genome.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (TNFRSF8) is a receptor for TNFSF8/CD30L. TNFRSF8 has a role in the regulation of cellular growth and transformation of activated lymphoblasts. In addition, the TNFRSF8 protein regulates gene expression via activation of NF-kappa-B. TNFRSF8 being a regulator of apoptosis, induces cell death or proliferation, depending on the cell type.

Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. There are at least four known subspecies: T. pallidum pallidum, T. pallidum pertenue, T. pallidum carateum and T. pallidum endemicum. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through viscous mediums such as mucus. Treponema pallidum sub sp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.

Leptin is a protein hormone. It is mainly produced in adipose cells that regulate energy homeostasis by restraining hunger. Leptin ties to nuclear receptors in the hypothalamus (arcuate nucleus). Similar to insulin resistance in type II diabetes, in obesity there is a decrease in the sensitivity towards leptin, ending in a failure to identify satiety, even in high levels of energy stores or leptin itself. Full-length cDNA encoding 2 leptin sequences (tLepA and tLepB) and 1 leptin receptor sequence (tLepR) exists in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The full-length cDNA of tLepR is 3423 bp, encoding a protein of 1140 amino acid which contained all functionally important domains conserved among vertebrate leptin receptors. The cDNAs of tLepA and tLepB are 486 bp and 459 bp in length, encoding proteins of 161 aa and 152 aa, respectively. The three-dimensional structures of tLepA and tLepB demonstrates strong conservation of tertiary structure with that of human leptin comprised of 4 helixes.

tRNA-splicing endonuclease subunit Sen15 (TSEN15) is a member of the SEN15 family. tRNA splicing is an essential process required for cell growth and division. TSEN15 is a subunit of the tRNA splicing endonuclease. TSEN15 cleaves pre-tRNA at the 5' and 3' splice sites to release the intron.

BTLA, also known as B And T Lymphocyte Associated, is an inhibitory molecule which is part of the Ig superfamily. BTLA is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein in the CD28 family of T cell costimulatory molecules. BTLA is a 3rd inhibitory receptor on T lymphocytes with resemblances to CTLA-4 & PD-1. Moreover, BTLA is a ligand for TNF (receptor) superfamily, TNFRSF14, and HVEM. BTLA-HVEM complexes negatively regulate T-cell immune responses.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

Leukemia inhibitory factor, is a pleiotropic cytokine which is expressed by numerous cells including activated T lymphocytes, monocytes, mast cells and neuronal cells. LIF takes part in the induction of hematopoietic differentiation in normal and myeloid leukemia cells, induction of neuronal cell differentiation, regulator of mesenchymal to epithelial conversion during kidney development, and is a key player in immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface.

Ribosomal Protein L5, also known as RPL5 is a part of the ribosomal protein L18P family. RPL5 which binds 5S RNA is necessary for rRNA maturation and structure of the 60S ribosomal subunits.

Receptor Transporter Protein 4 (RTP4) is a member of the TMEM7 family.

CTBP1 participates in controlling the equilibrium between tubular and stacked structures in the Golgi complex. CTBP1 functions in brown adipose tissue differentiation. CTBP1 has dehydrogenase activity. CTBP1 binds to the C-terminus of adenovirus E1A proteins. CTBP1 phosphoprotein is a transcriptional repressor and that takes part during cellular proliferation. CTBP1 & CTBP2 can dimerize and interact with a polycomb group protein complex which is involved in regulation of gene expression during development.

Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1 (TPK1) is a homodimer which catalyzes the phosphorylation of thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate. TPK1 is found in the heart, kidney, testis, small intestine and peripheral blood leukocytes, and at very low levels in a variety of tissues. TPK1 gene defects cause the thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome type 5, episodic encephalopathy type (THMD5), which is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to an inborn error of thiamine metabolism.

Lysophospholipase-like protein 1 (LYPLAL1) is a member of the AB hydrolase 2 family. LYPLAL1 doesn’t exhibit phospholipase nor triacylglycerol lipase activity, able to hydrolyze only short chain substrates as a result of its shallow active site.

WARS is part of the class I tRNA synthetase family. 2 types of tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, called WARS, and a mitochondrial form, called WARS2. WARS catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by INF. WARS controls ERK, Akt, and eNOS activation pathways that are related with angiogenesis, cytoskeletal reorganization and shear stress-responsive gene expression.

YWHAB belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins which are in charge for signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. YWHAB is found in both plants and mammals. YWHAB protein interacts with RAF1 and CDC25 phosphatases,thus linking mitogenic signaling and the cell cycle machinery. YWHAB is an adapter protein involved in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathway. YWHAB binds to a large number of proteins by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner.

Lipopolysaccharide is a potent stimulator of monocytes and macrophages, causing secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and other inflammatory mediators. LITAF is a lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor, which is a DNA-binding protein and can mediate the TNF-alpha expression by direct binding to the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene. The transcription of the LITAF gene is induced by tumor suppressor p53 and has been implicated in the p53-induced apoptotic pathway. Mutations in the LITAF gene cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1C (CMT1C) and may be involved in the carcinogenesis of extramammary Paget''s disease (EMPD).

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.

Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 (TIMP4) is a member of a family of secreted proteins which regulate the activation and proteolytic activity of the zinc enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases. The four known members of this family are TIMP1, 2, 3 and 4. TIMP4 is produced by various tissues, particularly the brain, heart, ovary and skeletal muscle. Limited studies have shown that the TIMP4 protein has a tumor suppressive effect against Wilm92s tumor, exhibiting a negative correlation with glioma malignancy and is found in breast carcinoma cells.

Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferase 1, also known as TPST1 is the enzyme which catalyzes the sulfation reaction of protein tyrosines, a post-translational modification of proteins. TPST1 belongs to the protein sulfotransferase family. In addition, TPST1 utilizes 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the sulfonate donor and also binds proteins with target tyrosine residues to eventually form the tyrosine O-sulfate ester group in addition to the desulfonated 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphate.