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Adiponectin is an adipocyte specific secreted protein that circulates in the plasma. It is induced during adipocyte differentiation and its secretion is stimulated by insulin. Mouse adiponectin shares about 83% amino acid identity with that human. Adiponectin plays a role in various physiological processes such as energy homeostasis and obesity. Adiponectin is reduced in obese humans, and decreased level is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.

Homeobox C11 (HOXC11) is a member of the Abd-B homeobox family. The homeobox genes encode well conservedfamily of transcription factors that play a vital role in morphogenesis in all multicellular organisms. HOXC11is one of numerous homeobox HOXC genes placed in a cluster on chromosome 12. HOXC11 attaches to a promoterelement of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase. HOXC11 also takes part in early intestinal development. An alternativelyspliced variant encoding a shorter isoform has been defined however, its full-length nature has not been determined.

EFNA3 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors include thelargest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases which have been implicated in mediating developmental events, especially in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. Ephrins are divided into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, based on their structures and sequence relationships. The Ephrins from the EFNA class are anchored to the membrane by aglycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, while the others from the EFNB class are transmembrane proteins.

Secreted Protein Acidic & Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) protein is coded by the SPARC gene in humans. SPARC is a glycoprotein located in bones that binds to calcium. SPARC is produced by fibroblasts, capillary endothelial cells, platelets and macrophages, mainly in areas of tissue morphogenesis and remodelling. Asides from calcium, SPARC can also bind to collagen.

CBX1 is an enriched heterochromatin which belongs to the heterochromatin protein family. The centromeres related CBX1 identifies and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9', causing epigenetic repression. Collaboration with lamin B receptor (LBR) can impact the relations between the heterochromatin and the inner nuclear membrane. CBX1 has a vital part in the epigenetic control of chromatin structure and gene expression.

PRDX1 is part of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, which reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. PRDX1 is an important protector of red blood cells against reactive oxygen species and in tumor prevention.
PRDX1 is antioxidant protective in cells, and contributes to the antiviral activity of CD8(+) T-cells. PRDX1 has a proliferative effect and is involved in cancer development or progression.
Peroxiredoxin-1 is plays a role in redox regulation of the cell. Peroxiredoxin decreases peroxides with reducing equivalents provided through the thioredoxin system but not from glutaredoxin. Peroxiredoxin is involved in eliminating peroxides generated during metabolism. Peroxiredoxin participates in the signaling cascades of growth factors and TNF-alpha by regulating the intracellular concentrations of h(2)o(2).

Y Box Binding Protein 1 (YBX1) is a part of the CRD-mediated complex which promotes MYC mRNA stability. YBX1 takes part in mammalian selenoprotein translation and mediates pre-mRNA alternative splicing regulation. YBX1 uses as a drug target in cancer therapy due to its ability to replicate adenovirus type 5, a commonly used vector in gene therapy.

CDKN2A Interacting Protein N-Terminal Like (CDKN2AIPNL) is a part of the CARF family.

Vimentin expression in human malignant glioma cells depends on cellular density, algorithms of drug delivery and chemo/radio treatment. Vimentin and detyrosinated microtubules provide structural support for the extensive microtentacles observed in detached tumor cells and a mechanism to promote successful metastatic spread. Primary colorectal carcinomas display aberrant expression of vimentin, and have activated Notch and TGFbeta signaling pathways. Vimentin is a strong arterial substrate for transglutaminases. Transglutaminase-mediated vimentin dimerization results in a novel unifying pathway by which vasodilatory and remodeling responses may be regulated. Ablation of vimentin expression inhibits migration and invasion of colon and breast cancer cell lines. Vimentin is the main intermediate filament protein in mesenchymal cells and is therefore of value in the differential diagnosis of undifferentiated neoplasms.

HEXIM1 expression is induced by hexamethylene-bis-acetamide in vascular smooth muscle cells. HEXIM1 is a transcriptional regulator which acts as a universal RNA polymerase II transcription inhibitor. In cooperation with 7SK snRNA sequesters P-TEFb in a large inactive 7SK snRNP complex inhibits RNA polymerase II phosphorylation following transcriptional elongation. HEXIM1 regulates NF-kappa-B, ESR1, NR3C1 and CIITA-dependent transcriptional activity.

Activin A Receptor Type 1 (ACVR1) is a member of TGF-beta serine/threonine kinase receptor family. ACVR1 forms a receptor complex contains2 type II and 2 type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate,bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. ACVR1 takes part in left-right pattern formation during embryogenesis and is also essential in the BMP pathway which is responsible for the development and repair of the skeletal system.ACVR1 is linked to Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva which isknown for the formation of heterotopic bone throughout the body.

The enzyme Carbonic anhydrase II having an accession number of NP_414668 is also called carbonate dehydratase which is part of the enzyme family that catalyses rapid inter-conversion of carbon dioxide & water to bicarbonate, carbonic acid and protons (CO2 + H2O ? HCO3? + H+), a reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst. The majority of carbonic anhydrases enclose a zinc ion in their active site and therefore is classified as metalloenzymes.
The most important function of Carbonic anhydrase is known to preserve acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide of tissues. Carbonic anhydrases have been found in all kingdoms of life. Carbonic anhydrase has 3 different classes: alpha, beta and gamma which share very little sequence or structural similarity, thus far they all perform the same function and require a zinc ion at the active site. Mammalian carbonic anhydrase is monomeric and belongs to the alpha class. Plant carbonic anhydrase is dimeric and belongs to the beta class.
Methane-producing bacteria carbonic anhydrase is trimeric and grows in hot springs which forms the gamma class.

Adiponectin is an adipocyte specific secreted protein that circulates in the plasma. It is induced during adipocyte differentiation and its secretion is stimulated by insulin. Mouse adiponectin shares about 83% amino acid identity with that human. Adiponectin plays a role in various physiological processes such as energy homeostasis and obesity. Adiponectin is reduced in obese humans, and decreased level is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.

Myxovirus Resistance 1, also known as MX1 is a guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-metabolizing protein which takes part in the cellular antiviral response. MX1 is induced by type I and type II IFN, and also antagonizes the replication process of some different RNA & DNA viruses. In addition, there is a related gene located adjacent to MX1 on chromosome 21, and there are multiple pseudogenes positioned in a cluster on chromosome 4.

CTSE or cathepsin E is an intracellular aspartic protease from the pepsin protein family. CTSE has a crucial part in protein degradation, creating bioactive proteins & processing antigens. The enzyme is responsible for cleaving at B site, Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein and the enzyme shows reactivity with the wild-type APP.

SERPINA1 is secreted and is a serine protease inhibitor which its targets include elastase, plasmin, collagenase, leucocytic proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasminogen activator. Defects in SERPINA1 gene can cause emphysema or liver disease. SERPINA1 is an endogenous inhibitor of serine proteases and inhibits the catalytic domain of human recombinant matriptase in vitro. Rise in SERPINA1 occurs as an acute phase response to tissue necrosis and inflammation. mutations in SERPINA1 and SLC11A1 genes change the balance between elastase produced by leukocytes during phagocytosis.

Vaspin (visceral adipose-specific SERPIN), a newly identified adipokine, which is a member of serine protease inhibitor family. Vaspin is also a unique insulin sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. A recent publication indicates that induction of human vaspin mRNA expression in adipose tissue is regulated in a fat depot-specific manner and could be associated with parameters of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism.

Transferrin is the iron-transport protein of vertebrate serum and donates iron to cells through interaction with a specific membrane receptor, CD71. Transferrin appears to be indispensable for most cells growing in tissue culture.
It is referred to frequently as a growth factor because, in analogy to other growth factor-receptor interactions, proliferating cells express high numbers of transferrin receptors, and the binding of transferrin to their receptors is needed for cells to initiate and maintain their DNA synthesis. Apart from its role as an iron transport protein transferrin acts as a cytokine and has functions that may not be related to its iron-carrying capacity.

XCL1 is a small cytokine belongs to the XC chemokine family that is also known as lymphotactin. XCL1 is found in high levels in spleen, thymus, intestine and peripheral blood leukocytes, and at lower levels in lung, prostate gland and ovary. Cellular sources for XCL1 include activated thymic and peripheral blood CD8+ T cells. This chemokine attracts T cells. In humans, XCL1 is closely related to XCL2, whose gene is found at the same locus on chromosome 1. XCL1 induces it chemotactic function by binding to a chemokine receptor called XCR1.

EFNA1 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family. The EPH subfamily is the biggest group of receptor protein kinases and they take part in vital nervous system function and development.

Neurotensin (NTS) is a common precursor for 2 peptides, neuromedin N and neurotensin. Neurotensin is a secreted tridecapeptide, which is generally distributed throughout the central nervous system, and may serve as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator. NTS is involved in dopamine-associated pathophysiological events, in the maintenance of gut structure and function, and in the regulation of fat metabolism. Tissue-specific processing may initiate the formation in some tissues of larger forms of neuromedin N and neurotensin. The large forms may embody more stable peptides which are also biologically active.

PRRX1 is part of the paired family of homeobox proteins. PRRX1 functions as a transcription co-activator, enhancing the DNA-binding activity of serum response factor, a protein required for the induction of genes by growth and differentiation factors. PRRX1 also regulates muscle creatine kinase, and therefore has a part in the establishment of diverse mesodermal muscle types. The protein binds to an A/T-rich element in the muscle creatine enhancer. Among the diseases associated with PRRX1 are agnathia-otocephaly complex, and pleomorphic liposarcoma.