Search results

NEIL1 is a member of a class of DNA glycosylases homologous to the bacterial Fpg/Nei family. These glycosylases initiate the first step in base excision repair by cleaving bases damaged by reactive oxygen species and introducing a DNA strand break via the associated lyase reaction. NEIL1 participates in the DNA repair pathway by initiating base excision repair by removing damaged bases, primarily oxidized pyrimidines.

Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (Galnt1) , is part of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) family of enzymes. The initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis is catalyzed by Glant1, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor. Moreover, Galnt1 is implicated in the glycosylation of proteins vital for bone formation for instance osteopontin and bone sialoprotein.

Prolyl Endopeptidase , also known as PREP is a cytosolic prolyl endopeptidase which cleaves peptide bonds on the C-terminal side of prolyl residues within peptides which are up to about 30 a.a long. In addition, Prolyl endopeptidases have been shown to be implicated in the maturation and degradation of peptide hormones and neuropeptides.

Alanine aminotransferase 2 (GPT2), catalyzes the reversible transamination among alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 expressed mainly in muscle, fat and kidney and participates in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. Multiple transcript variants encoding various isoforms have been found for GPT2.

HPRT1 has a main part in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway. HPRT1 primarily functions to salvage purines from degraded DNA to renewed purine synthesis. Therefore, it performs as a catalyst in the reaction between guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate to form GMP.

Ribonuclease 3 (RNASE3) is cytotoxin and helminthotoxin with low-efficiency ribonuclease activity. RNASE3 possesses a broad diversity of biological activities. RNASE3 protein has shown antibacterial activity such as cytoplasmic membrane depolarization of preferentially Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains and promotes E. coli outer membrane detachment, alteration of the overall cell shape and partial loss of cell content.

Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2 cytoplasmic (PAFAH2) has a marked selectivity for phospholipids with short acyl chains at the sn-2 position. PAFAH2 may share a mutual physiologic function with the plasma-type enzyme.

Flavokinase is a transferases family member, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. Flavokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of riboflavin (vitamin B2) to form flavin-mononucleotide (FMN), which is an obligatory step in vitamin B2 utilization and flavin cofactor synthesis. It has been proposed that TNF, through the activation of the RFK gene, enhances the incorporation of FAD in NADPH oxidase enzymes, which is a critical step for the assembly and activation of NADPH oxidase.

ANPEP or aminopeptidase N, is an enzyme, found in the small-intestinal and renal microvillar membrane and other plasma membranes. The enzyme has a critical part in the digestion of peptides after their hydrolysis by gastric and pancreatic proteases. ANPEP is also part ofthe processing of different peptides as well as peptide hormones, neuropeptides & chemokines. The protein takes part in angiogenesis, enhancing cholesterol crystallization &amino acid transport by formatting with SLC6A19 transport protein and regulating its activity.

Serratia marcescens secretes an endonuclease that has exceptionally high specific activity to the medium that surrounds it. The Benzonase Nuclease is mainly used for elimination of nucleic acid contamination from purified proteins, downstream processing, reduction of viscosity etc. Nucleic acid contaminants are caused by nuclease released to the medium. The DNA is being destroyed by the release of the S. marcescens nuclease and it acts as the killer gene for the auto destruction of microorganisms.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) is an enzyme that is a member of the MMP extracellular protease family. Extracellular protease enzymes, by virtue of their broad substrate specificities1, play a role in both normal and disease states of tissue proliferation. Among the targets of MMP-13 are collagen, gelatin, entactin, pro-TNF-a, and chemokine SDF-11-4.
MMP-13 is found in its latent form as a 52-56 kDa glycosylated proenzyme. Upon cleavage the 22-46 kDa5 MMP-1 becomes active in extracellular matrix remodeling.
Because of the prominent role that MMP-1 plays in cell migration and metastasis, it is an important target for inhibition screening.

Alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a member of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family, key enzymes of protein biosynthesis which charge tRNA molecules with the respective amino acids. This 108 kDa protein is an autoantigen recognized by PL-12 antibodies which occur in a subset of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Preliminary data suggest that epitope spreading occurs in the autoimmune PL-12 response such that even antibodies to an isolated alanyl-tRNA molecule can develop.

ADA catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine. ADA has a vital part in purine metabolism and in adenosine homeostasis. ADA performs as a positive regulator of T-cell coactivation, by binding DPP4 which regulates lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion.

Endonuclease 8-like 2 (NEIL2) is a member of a class of DNA glycosylases homologous to the bacterial Fpg/Nei family. These glycosylases set off the first step in base excision repair by cleaving bases damaged by reactive oxygen species and introducing a DNA strand break through the associated lyase reaction. NEIL2 is involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. NEIL2 has DNA glycosylase activity towards 5-hydroxyuracil and other oxidized derivatives of cytosine with a preference for mismatched double stranded DNA (DNA bubbles). NEIL2 has insignificant or undetectable activity with 8-oxoguanine, thymine glycol, 2-hydroxyadenine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. NEIL2 also has AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) lyase activity and creates incisions in the DNA strand. NEIL2 cleaves the DNA backbone by beta-delta exclusion to produce a single-strand break at the site of the removed base with both 3'- and 5'-phosphates. NEIL2 is found in the testis, skeletal muscle, heart, brain, placenta, lung, pancreas, kidney and liver.

CNDP Dipeptidase 1, also known as CNDP1 is a member of the peptidase M20A family. CNDP1 Mannheim which is the shortest allelic form has been more common in the absence of nephropathy in addition to being associated with lower serum carnosinase levels. Furthermore, Carnosine inhibited the increased production of fibronectin as well as collagen type VI in podocytes and the increased production of TGF-beta in mesangial cells. Diabetic patients with the CNDP1 Mannheim variant are less at risk for nephropathy. In addition, on renal cells carnosine protects against the adverse effects of high glucose levels.

NADH Dehydrogenase 1 Beta Subcomplex 4 (NDUFB4) is a member of the complex I NDUFB4 subunit family. NDUFB4 is a non-catalytic subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, which is the first enzyme complex in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (complex I). Mammalian complex I is comprised of 45 different subunits and transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone.

DPP4 also called adenosine deaminase complexing protein-2, and T-cell activation antigen CD26 is a serine exopeptidase and complex enzyme that is expressed on the surface of most cell types. DPPIV is an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein and a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. DPP4 plays a role in t-cell activation. DPP4 is associated with intracellular signal transduction, apoptosis and involved in tumor biology. There are at least 63 substrates which can bind specifically to DPP4 enzyme including growth factors, chemokines, neuro peptides. Furthermore, DPP4 plays a major role in glucose metabolism by cleaving incretins such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1.

Dual Specificity Phosphatase 26 (DUSP26) inhibits MAP kinase p38 by dephosphorylating it and inhibits p38-mediated apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. DUSP26 also induces activation of MAP kinase p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. DUSP26 inactivates MAPK1 and MAPK3 which leads to dephosphorylation of heat shock factor protein 4 and a decrease in its DNA-binding activity.

NFNB demonstrates the capability to reduce quinines. NFNB enzyme activates prodrugs in antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy. NFNB reduces nitrofurazone, quinones and anti-tumor agent CB1954 (5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide). The reduction of CB1954 results in the generation of cytotoxic species.

Beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 (B3GAT3) is involved in forming the linkage tetrasaccharide present in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. B3GAT3 has a part in the biosynthesis of l2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope on glycoproteins. B3GAT3 shows strict specificity for Gal-beta-1,3-Gal-beta-1,4-Xyl, exhibiting negligible incorporation into other galactoside substrates including Galbeta1-3Gal beta1-O-benzyl, Galbeta1-4GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4Glc.

Lipase Endothelial (LIPG) has extensive phospholipase activity and may be involved in lipoprotein metabolism and vascular biology. The LIPG protein is considered a member of the TG lipase family through its sequence and characteristic lid region which provides substrate specificity for enzymes of the TG lipase family. In addition, the LIPG has triglyceride lipase activities. LIPG hydrolyzes HDLs more efficiently than other lipoproteins.

GOT1 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which exists in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2, which participate in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Both enzymes are homodimeric and show close homology.

Membrane-bound & Cytosolic forms of GST are encoded by 2 separate supergene families. These enzymes function in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. There are 8 different classes of soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The GSTA1 is found in a cluster mapped to chromosome 6, and is highly expressed in the liver. GSTA1 protects the cells from reactive oxygen species.

Magnesium-dependent phosphatase 1 (MDP1) is a memeber of the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MDP1 is a magnesium-dependent phosphatase which may act as a tyrosine phosphatase. MDP1 is inhibited by vanadate and zinc, and slightly by calcium.